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  3. Eight times within the past million years, something in the Earth’s climatic equation has changed, allowing snow in the mountain

Eight times within the past million years, something in the Earth’s climatic equation has changed, allowing snow in the mountain

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问题     Eight times within the past million years, something in the Earth’s climatic equation has changed, allowing snow in the mountains and the northern latitudes to accumulate from one season to the next instead of melting away. Each time, the enormous ice sheets resulting from this continual buildup lasted tens of thousands of years until the end of each particular glacial cycle brought a warmer, climate. Scientists speculated that these glacial cycles were ultimately driven by astronomical factor; slow, cyclic changes in the eccentricity of the Earth’s orbit and in the tilt and orientation of its spin axis. But up until around 30 years ago, the lack of an independent record of ice-age timing made the hypothesis untestable.
    Then in the early 1950’s Emiliani produced the first complete record of the waxings and wanings of first glaciations. It came from a seemingly odd place, the seafloor. Single-cell marine organisms called "foraminifera" house themselves in shells made from calcium carbonate. When the foraminifera die, sink to the bottom, and become part of seafloor sediments, the carbonate of their shells preserves certain characteristics of the seawater they inhabited. In particular, the ratio of a heavy isotope of oxygen (oxygen -18) to ordinary oxygen (oxygen -16) in the carbonate preserves the ratio of the two oxygens in water molecules.
    It is now understood that the ratio of oxygen isotopes reflects the proportion of the world’s water locked up in glaciers and ice sheets. A kind of meteorological distillation accounts for the link. Water molecules containing the heavier isotope tend to condense and fall as precipitation slightly sooner than molecules containing the lighter isotope. Hence, as water vapor evaporated from warm oceans moves away from its source, its oxygen - 18 returns more quickly to the oceans than does its oxygen - 16. What falls as snow on distant ice sheets and mountain glaciers is relatively depleted of oxygen -18. As the oxygen -18 - poor ice builds up, the oceans become relatively enriched in the isotope. The larger the ice sheets grow, the higher the proportion of oxygen -18 becomes in seawater — and hence in the sediments
    Analyzing cores drilled from seafloor sediments, Emiliani found that the isotopic ratio rose and fell in rough accord with the Earth’s astronomical cycles. Since that pioneering observation, oxygenisotope measurements have been made on hundreds of cores. The combined record enables scientists to show that the record contains the very periodicities as the orbital processes. Over the past 800, 000 years, the global ice volume peaked every 100, 000 years, matching the period of the orbital eccentricity variation. In addition, " wrinkles" superposed on each cycle — small decreases or surges in ice volume — have come at intervals of roughly 23, 000 and 41, 000 years, in keeping with the precession and tilt frequencies of the Earth’s spin axis.
The expression "waxings and wanings" (Paragraph 2) most probably means______
选项 A、regularities and eccentricities.
B、vaporizations and sediments.
C、variants and constants.
D、maximizations an minimizations.
答案D
解析 题干问：“文中‘waxings and wanings’大概的意思是……”。其实这个表达和下文第4自然段的“rose and fell”以及“decreases or surges”都有一种呼应和照应关系，这是一种变大变小的关系，因此选项D“最大化和最小化”为正确选项。而选项A“规则和无规则性”，选项B“蒸发和沉淀”和选项C“变量和常量”都不是该表达在上下文中所具有的内涵和语篇含义。
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