2. 外语
  3. Any physical theory is always provisional, in the sense that it is only a hypothesis: you can never prove in. No matter how many

Any physical theory is always provisional, in the sense that it is only a hypothesis: you can never prove in. No matter how many

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问题     Any physical theory is always provisional, in the sense that it is only a hypothesis: you can never prove in. No matter how many times the results of experiments agree with some theory, you can never be sure that the next time the result will not contradict the theory. On the other hand, you can disprove a theory by finding even a single observation that disagrees with the predictions of the theory. As philosopher of science Karl Popper has emphasized, a good theory is characterized by the fact that it makes a number of predictions that could in principle be disproved or falsified by observation. Each time new experiments are observed to agree with the predictions the theory survives, and our confidence in it is increased; but if ever a new observation is found to disagree, we have to abandon or modify the theory. At least that is what is supposed to happen, but you can always question the competence of the per son who carried out the observation.
    In practice, what often happens is that a new theory is devised that is really an extension of the previous theory. For example, very accurate observations of the planet Mercury revealed a small difference between its motion and the predictions of Newton’s theory of gravity. Einstein’ s general theory of relativity predicted a slightly different motion from Newton’s theory. The fact that Einstein’s predictions matched what was seen, while New ton’s did not, was one of the crucial confirmations of the new theory. However, we still use Newton’s theory for all practical purposes because the difference between its predictions and those of general relativity is very small in the situations that we normally deal with. (New ton’s theory also has the great advantage that it is much simpler to work with than Einstein’ s!)
选项 A、The History of Physical Science
B、Karl Popper’s Physical Theory
C、The Philosophy of Science
D、Einstein’s Theory of Science
答案C
解析 文中没有综述自然科学的历史；卡尔。波珀说的话和爱因斯坦也只是作为例子说明本文的中心思想，因而A、B、D不对。全文表达了自然科学与理论和实践的辨证关系，因而答案应为C。
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