首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Ever since the early days of modern computing in the 1940s, the biological metaphor has been irresistible. The first computers —
Ever since the early days of modern computing in the 1940s, the biological metaphor has been irresistible. The first computers —
admin
2014-02-22
62
问题
Ever since the early days of modern computing in the 1940s, the biological metaphor has been irresistible. The first computers — room-size behemoths — were referred to as "giant brains" or "electronic brains" , in headlines and everyday speech. As computers improved and became capable of some tasks familiar to humans, like playing chess, the term used was "artificial intelligence". DNA, it is said, is the original software.
For the most part, the biological metaphor has long been just that — a simplifying analogy rather than a blueprint for how to do computing. Engineering, not biology, guided the pursuit of artificial intelligence. As Frederick Jelinek, a pioneer in speech recognition, put it, "airplanes don’t flap their wings. "
Yet the principles of biology are gaining ground as a tool in computing. The shift in thinking results from advances in neuroscience and computer science, and from the prod of necessity.
The physical limits of conventional computer designs are within sight — not today or tomorrow, but soon enough. Nanoscale circuits cannot shrink much further. Today’s chips are power hogs, running hot, which curbs how much of a chip’s circuitry can be used. These limits loom as demand is accelerating for computing capacity to make sense of a surge of new digital data from sensors, online commerce, social networks, video streams and corporate and government databases.
To meet the challenge, without gobbling the world’s energy supply, a different approach will be needed. And biology, scientists say, promises to contribute more than metaphors. "Every time we look at this, biology provides a clue as to how we should pursue the frontiers of computing," said John E. Kelly, the director of research at I. B. M.
Dr. Kelly points to Watson, the question-answering computer that can play " Jeopardy!" and beat two human champions earlier this year. I. B. M. ’s clever machine consumes 85, 000 watts of electricity, while the human brain runs on just 20 watts. "Evolution figured this out," Dr. Kelly said.
Several biologically inspired paths are being explored by computer scientists in universities and corporate laboratories worldwide. One project, a collaboration of computer scientists and neuroscientists begun three years ago, has been encouraging enough that in August it won a $21 million round of government financing. In recent months, the team has developed prototype " neurosynaptic" microprocessors, or chips that operate more like neurons and synapses than like conventional semiconductors.
In pushing the boundaries of computing, biology serves as a(n)______.
选项
A、initiator
B、director
C、accelerator
D、contributor
答案
D
解析
细节推理题。作者认为biology生物学并没有引领着人工智能的探索,只是一个贡献者的身份,人们可以从生物学获得灵感的途径。故答案为D。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/RPQO777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Inacompetitiveeconomy,theconsumerusuallyhasthechoiceofseveraldifferentbrandsofthesameproducts.Underneaththeir
Somepeoplebelievethat"KingJohn"waswrittenbyShakespeare,butsomepeopleitmightbewrittenbyan______author.
Duringthenormaldevelopmentofself,achildisaffectedbycertaininfluentialfactors.1._____.Infantsformanattachmentwi
FoodanddrinkplayamajorroleinChristmascelebrationsinmostcountries,butinfewmoresothaninMexico.Manyfamiliesov
Hepeeredoveratthewrithingblacknessthatjerkedconvulsivelywiththejerkingnerves.Itgrewquieter.Thereweresmalltwi
WhenDonaldarrivedforhisfirstgroup-therapysessionhewasinawheelchair,sufferingfrommalignantmelanomaandseverelyd
WhenDonaldarrivedforhisfirstgroup-therapysessionhewasinawheelchair,sufferingfrommalignantmelanomaandseverelyd
WhenDonaldarrivedforhisfirstgroup-therapysessionhewasinawheelchair,sufferingfrommalignantmelanomaandseverelyd
Doctorshavelongknownthatlungcancer,whichkills160,000Americanseachyear,takesaheaviertollamongblackAmericans,part
随机试题
Nooneknowshowmanlearnedtomakewords.Perhapshebeganbymakingsoundslikethosemadebyanimals.Perhapshegruntedlik
甲、乙、丙、丁设立了宏达有限责任公司。甲以建设用地使用权认购出资500万元;乙以商标专用权认购出资600万元;丙以现金认购出资1000万元,但约定在公司成立2年内予以缴清:丁以一幅古画认购出资500万元。在公司的经营过程中,因资金紧张向A银行贷款500万元
竣工验收报告应当包括()等内容。
交通标志的主要作用是()。
在物价持续上升时,采用先进先出法会使发出存货成本偏高,利润偏低。()
按规定,半年度财务会计报告应于年度中期结束后()内对外提供。
贷款人可按中国人民银行《贷款通则》的规定,对借款人追究违约责任的情形有()。
企业发生的各项利得或损失,均应计入当期损益。()
______todothework,Ishoulddoitsomeotherday.
下列给定程序中,函数fun的功能是:在形参s所指字符串中寻找与参数c相同的字符,并在其后插入一个与之相同的字符,若找不到相同的字符则不做任何处理。例如,若s所指字符串为”baacda”,c中的字符为a,执行后s所指字符串为”baaaacdaa”。请在下
最新回复
(
0
)