首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Ever since the early days of modern computing in the 1940s, the biological metaphor has been irresistible. The first computers —
Ever since the early days of modern computing in the 1940s, the biological metaphor has been irresistible. The first computers —
admin
2014-02-22
83
问题
Ever since the early days of modern computing in the 1940s, the biological metaphor has been irresistible. The first computers — room-size behemoths — were referred to as "giant brains" or "electronic brains" , in headlines and everyday speech. As computers improved and became capable of some tasks familiar to humans, like playing chess, the term used was "artificial intelligence". DNA, it is said, is the original software.
For the most part, the biological metaphor has long been just that — a simplifying analogy rather than a blueprint for how to do computing. Engineering, not biology, guided the pursuit of artificial intelligence. As Frederick Jelinek, a pioneer in speech recognition, put it, "airplanes don’t flap their wings. "
Yet the principles of biology are gaining ground as a tool in computing. The shift in thinking results from advances in neuroscience and computer science, and from the prod of necessity.
The physical limits of conventional computer designs are within sight — not today or tomorrow, but soon enough. Nanoscale circuits cannot shrink much further. Today’s chips are power hogs, running hot, which curbs how much of a chip’s circuitry can be used. These limits loom as demand is accelerating for computing capacity to make sense of a surge of new digital data from sensors, online commerce, social networks, video streams and corporate and government databases.
To meet the challenge, without gobbling the world’s energy supply, a different approach will be needed. And biology, scientists say, promises to contribute more than metaphors. "Every time we look at this, biology provides a clue as to how we should pursue the frontiers of computing," said John E. Kelly, the director of research at I. B. M.
Dr. Kelly points to Watson, the question-answering computer that can play " Jeopardy!" and beat two human champions earlier this year. I. B. M. ’s clever machine consumes 85, 000 watts of electricity, while the human brain runs on just 20 watts. "Evolution figured this out," Dr. Kelly said.
Several biologically inspired paths are being explored by computer scientists in universities and corporate laboratories worldwide. One project, a collaboration of computer scientists and neuroscientists begun three years ago, has been encouraging enough that in August it won a $21 million round of government financing. In recent months, the team has developed prototype " neurosynaptic" microprocessors, or chips that operate more like neurons and synapses than like conventional semiconductors.
In pushing the boundaries of computing, biology serves as a(n)______.
选项
A、initiator
B、director
C、accelerator
D、contributor
答案
D
解析
细节推理题。作者认为biology生物学并没有引领着人工智能的探索,只是一个贡献者的身份,人们可以从生物学获得灵感的途径。故答案为D。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/RPQO777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
WhatMakesa"MillennialMind"?(1)Since1000AD,around30billionpeoplehavebeenbornonourplanet.Thevastmajorityh
Somepeoplebelievethat"KingJohn"waswrittenbyShakespeare,butsomepeopleitmightbewrittenbyan______author.
Pricesdeterminehowresourcesaretobeused.Theyarealsothemeansbywhichproductsandservicesthatareinlimitedsupply
Amongthemostpowerfulenginesofmoderneconomicgrowthhavebeentechnologicalchangesthatraiseoutputrelativetoinputs.
Hepeeredoveratthewrithingblacknessthatjerkedconvulsivelywiththejerkingnerves.Itgrewquieter.Thereweresmalltwi
Hepeeredoveratthewrithingblacknessthatjerkedconvulsivelywiththejerkingnerves.Itgrewquieter.Thereweresmalltwi
WhenDonaldarrivedforhisfirstgroup-therapysessionhewasinawheelchair,sufferingfrommalignantmelanomaandseverelyd
WhenDonaldarrivedforhisfirstgroup-therapysessionhewasinawheelchair,sufferingfrommalignantmelanomaandseverelyd
WhenDonaldarrivedforhisfirstgroup-therapysessionhewasinawheelchair,sufferingfrommalignantmelanomaandseverelyd
WhenDonaldarrivedforhisfirstgroup-therapysessionhewasinawheelchair,sufferingfrommalignantmelanomaandseverelyd
随机试题
下面的陈述中哪一句阐述的是组织的使命?()
形成动作电位上升相的是
横切面可见皮部内侧有红褐色或黑棕色棚旨状分泌物,木部淡红色,有小空洞(导管),皮部与木部相间排列成偏心性半圆形的环,有此性状特征的药材是
(2004年)某选区选举地方人民代表,代表名额2人,第一次投票结果。候选人按得票多少排序为甲、乙、丙、丁,其中仅甲获得过半数选票。对此情况的下列处理意见哪一项符合法律的规定?()
下列有关招投标签订合同的说明,错误的是()。
事业单位人事争议调解的自愿原则包括以下()等项。(1)当事人自愿接受教育(2)当事人自愿申请调解(3)当事人自愿达成协议(4)当事人自愿履行协议
A.条件(1)充分,但条件(2)不充分.B.条件(2)充分,但条件(1)不充分.C.条件(1)和(2)单独都不充分,但条件(1)和条件(2)联合起来充分.D.条件(1)充分,条件(2)也充分.E.条件(1)和(2)单独都不充分,条件(1)和条件(2
类MyClass的定义如下:classMyClass{public:MyClass(){value=0;)SetVariable(inti){value=i;}private:int
常識のある大人なら、目上の人に対して失礼なことを言う________。
TOFOREIGNERS,fewthingsseemaspeculiarlyBritishasthehabitofsendingyoungchildrenawayfromhometoschool.Atfirstg
最新回复
(
0
)