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  3. Cultural rules determine every aspect of food consumption. Who eats together defines social units. For example, in some societie

Cultural rules determine every aspect of food consumption. Who eats together defines social units. For example, in some societie

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问题     Cultural rules determine every aspect of food consumption. Who eats together defines social units. For example, in some societies, the nuclear family is the unit that regularly eats together. The anthropologist Mary Douglas has pointed out that, for the English, the kind of meal and the kind of food that is served relate to the kinds of social links between people who are eating together. She distinguishes between regular meals, Sunday meals when relatives may come, and cocktail parties for acquaintances. The food served symbolizes the occasion and reflects who is present. For example, only snacks are served at a cocktail party. It would be inappropriate to serve a steak or hamburgers. The distinctions among cocktails, regular meals, and special dinners mark the social boundaries between those guests who are invited for drinks, those who are invited to dinner, and those who come to a family meal. In this example, the type of food symbolizes the category of guest and with whom it is eaten.
    In some New Guinea societies, the nuclear family is not the unit that eats together. The men take their meals in a men’s house, separately from their wives and children. Women prepare and eat their food in their own houses and take the husband’s portion to the men’s house. The women eat with their children in their own houses. This pattern is also widespread among Near Eastern societies.
    Eating is a metaphor that is sometimes used to signify marriage. In many New Guinea societies, like that of the Lesu on the island of New Ireland in the Pacific and that of the Trobriand Islanders, marriage is symbolized by the couple’s eating together for the first time. Eating symbolizes their new status as a married couple. In U.S. society, it is just the reverse. A couple may go out to dinner on a first date.
    Other cultural rules have to do with taboos against eating certain things. In some societies, members of a clan, a type of kin (family) group, are not allowed to eat the animal or bird that is their totemic ancestor. Since they believe themselves to be descended from that ancestor, it would be like eating that ancestor or eating themselves.
    There is also an association between food prohibitions and rank, which is found in its most extreme form in the caste (social class) system of India. A caste system consists of ranked groups, each with a different economic specialization. In India, there is an association between caste and the idea of pollution. Members of highly ranked groups can be polluted by coming into contact with the bodily secretions, particularly saliva, of individuals of lower-ranked castes. Because of the fear of pollution, Brahmans and other high-ranked individuals will not share food with, not eat from the same plate as, not even accept food from an individual or from a low-ranking caste.
According to the passage, who will not eat together?
选项 A、The English.
B、Americans on their first date.
C、Men and women in Near Eastern societies.
D、Newly-weds on the island of New Ireland.
答案C
解析 本题干没有关键词，问题是：哪些人不会一起吃饭?可定位到第二、三段。根据第二段第一、二句，在一些新几内亚社会中(New Guinea societies)，核心家庭 (the nuclear family)并不是一起用餐的群体(not the unit that eats together)。男人们(men)在男人的房间里吃饭(take their meals in a men’s house)，与他们的妻子和孩子分开吃(separately)：以及第二段第五句，这种模式(this pattern)在近东社会(Near Eastern societies)中也很普遍(widespread)。由此可知，近东社会中的男人和女人不在一起用餐，因此选项C“近东社会的男人和女人(men and women. m Near Eastern societies)”是正确答案。选项A属于正反混淆，因为第一段第三句和第四句说，在一些社会中(in some societies)，核心家庭(the nuclear family)是日常在一起吃饭(regularly eats together)的群体(the unit)。对英国人(for the English)来说，饭局的种类和供应的食物种类与在一起吃饭的人(people who are eating together)之间的社会关系种类有关，由此可知，英国人是一起用餐的。选项B是正反混淆，因为第三段第四、五句说，在美国社会(in U. S. society)中却正好相反。一对情侣(a couple)可能会在首次约会(on a first date)时就一起外出用餐 (may go out to dinner)，由此可知，第一次约会的美国人是可能会在一起用餐的。根据第三段第二句，如太平洋中的新爱尔兰岛上的莱苏人(the Lesu on the island of New Inland)，以及特罗布里恩岛上的居民，夫妇首次在一起吃饭代表着正式成婚，由此可知，新爱尔兰岛上的新婚夫妇是在一起吃饭的，因此选项D也属于正反混淆，第二段：在一些新几内亚社会中，核心家庭的成员并不在一起用餐。第三段：饮食在某些社会中可以被用来象征婚姻。
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