首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
"Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory" The famous Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) proposed an important theory o
"Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory" The famous Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) proposed an important theory o
admin
2012-01-14
23
问题
"Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory"
The famous Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) proposed an important theory of cognitive development. Piaget’s theory states that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development. Two processes underlie this cognitive construction of the world: organization and adaptation. To make sense of our world, we organize our experiences. For example, we separate important ideas from less important ideas. We connect one idea to another.
But not only do we organize our observations and experiences, we also adapt our thinking to include new ideas because additional information furthers understanding.
Piaget (1954) believed that we adapt in two ways: assimilation and accommodation.
→ Assimilation occurs when individual is incorporate new information into their existing knowledge. Accommodation occurs when individual is adjust to new information. Consider a circumstance in which a 9-year-old girl is given a hammer and nails to hang a picture on the wall. She has never used a hammer, but from observation and vicarious experience she realizes that a hammer is an object to be held, that it is swung by the handle to hit the nail, and that it is usually swung a number of times. Recognizing each of these things, she fits her behavior into the information she already has (assimilation). However, the hammer is heavy, so she holds it near the top. She swings too hard and the nail bends, so she adjusts the pressure of her strikes. These adjustments reveal her ability to
alter
slightly her conception of the world (accommodation).
Piaget thought that assimilation and accommodation operate even in the very young infant’s life. Newborns reflexively suck everything that touches their lips (assimilation), but, after several months of experience, they construct their understanding of the world differently. Some objects, such as fingers and the mother’s breast, can be sucked, but
others
such as fuzzy blankets, should not be sucked (accommodation).
Piaget also believed that we go through four stages in understanding the world. Each of the stages is age-related and consists of
distinct
ways of thinking. Remember, it is the different way of understanding the world that makes one stage more advanced than another; knowing more information does not make the child’s thinking more advanced, in the Piagetian view. This is what Piaget meant when he said the child’s cognition is qualitatively different in one stage compared to another (Vidal, 2000). A What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development like?
B The sensorimotor stage, which lasts from birth to about 2 years of age, is the first Piagetian stage. In this stage, infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences (such as seeing and hearing) with physical, motoric actions-hence the term sensorimotor. C At the end of the stage, 2-year-olds have
sophisticated
sensorimotor patterns and are beginning to operate with primitive symbols. D
→The preoperational stage, which lasts from approximately 2 to 7 years of age, is the second Piagetian stage. In this stage, children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings. Symbolic thought goes beyond simple connections of sensory information and physical action. However, although preschool children can symbolically represent the world, according to Piaget, they still lack the ability to perform operations, the Piagetian term for internalized mental, actions that allow children to do mentally what they previously did physically.
→The concrete operational stage, which lasts from approximately 7 to 11 years of age, is the third Piagetian stage. In this stage, children can perform operations, and logical reasoning replaces intuitive thought as long as reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples. For instance, concrete operational thinkers cannot imagine the steps necessary to complete an algebraic equation, which is too abstract for thinking at this stage of development.
→The formal operational stage, which appears between the ages of 11 and 15, is the fourth and final Piagetian stage. In this stage, individuals move beyond concrete experiences and think in abstract and more logical terms. As part of thinking more abstractly, adolescents develop images of ideal circumstances. They might think about what an ideal parent is like and compare their parents to this ideal standard. They begin to entertain possibilities for the future and are fascinated with what they can be. In solving problems, formal operational thinkers are more systematic, developing hypotheses about why something is happening the way it is, then testing these hypotheses in a deductive manner.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information.
选项
A、Our new experiences require that we adjust in order to understand information that we have never seen.
B、Understanding new ideas is easier if we include observations and personal experiences.
C、We engage in both organization of what we see and experience and adaptation of novel ideas.
D、Thinking must include direct observation and experiences in order to organize the information.
答案
C
解析
We engage in both organization of what we see and experience paraphrases "... we organize our observations and experiences" and adaptation of novel ideas paraphrases "we also adapt our thinking to include new ideas."
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/RUyO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
A、theysawitwasblack.B、theybelievedinthesupernatural.C、theywantedtheinventortobefamous.B
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.EngineeringforsustainabledevelopmentTheGreenhou
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.EngineeringforsustainabledevelopmentTheGreenhou
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.EngineeringforsustainabledevelopmentTheGreenhou
Harborsare(protected)areas(ofwater)thatcanbe(usedthe)transferofpassengersandcargo(between)shipsshore.
NarratorListentoapartofalectureinanecologyclass.ThefollowingarepartsoftheHydrologiccycleEXCEPT______.
"TheHydrologicCycle"→Thehydrologiccycleisthetransferofwaterfromtheoceanstotheatmospheretothelandandback
"TheHydrologicCycle"→Thehydrologiccycleisthetransferofwaterfromtheoceanstotheatmospheretothelandandback
"TheHydrologicCycle"→Thehydrologiccycleisthetransferofwaterfromtheoceanstotheatmospheretothelandandback
随机试题
集权式领导者,就是把管理的制度权力相对牢固地进行控制的领导者。下列属于集权式领导的优势的是()
下列属于网络拓扑结构形式的是
刘某,患十二指肠溃疡,突然呕血,面色苍白,脉搏120次/分,血压60/45mmHg。医嘱输血400ml。给患者输血的目的是补充
(2016年卷一第68题)关于当事人向国家知识产权局申请行政复议,以下说法正确的是?
娱乐场所违反《娱乐场所管理条例》规定,有下列()情形之一的,由县级公安部门没收违法所得和非法财物,并处违法所得2倍以上5倍以下的罚款;没有违法所得或者违法所得不足1万元的,并处2万元以上5万元以下的罚款;情节严重的,责令停业整顿1个月至3个月。
长城386微机中的“386”指的是()。
独立证明法和归谬法是间接论证的两种方法,其中独立证明法是通过证明与被反驳命题相矛盾的命题为真,从而确定被反驳命题为假的方法。归谬法就是由所要反驳的命题为真,引出荒谬的结论,从而证明所要反驳的命题为假。根据上述定义,下列论证中使用了独立证明法的是:
ForeignfinancierscomplainingaboutthelegalwarstheywilllaunchtorecoverbaddebtsinRussiararelymeanmuch.Theexpens
I’msorrytokeepyou______foralongtime.
WhatismostremarkableaboutthebuildingoftheSwissReTowerisnotitsnameoritsshape,however,butitsenergy-efficienc
最新回复
(
0
)