首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
How to Write a Research Report A standard format will help readers to locate the information they want quickly. It is true that
How to Write a Research Report A standard format will help readers to locate the information they want quickly. It is true that
admin
2017-12-07
47
问题
How to Write a Research Report
A standard format will help readers to locate the information they want quickly. It is true that some journals deviate from the format, but it is advised to you to follow the standard one.
I. Style
— Use【T1】_____ to separate each important point, except for the abstract【T1】______
— Use present tense to report background information
— Use【T2】_____ tense to report results of an experiment【T2】______
II. Title page
— Informative title
— Inclusion of name(s)and address(es)of all authors
—【T3】_____【T3】______
III. Abstract
— Focus on the results and major conclusions
— Provide relevant【T4】_____ data【T4】______
— A single and concise paragraph
— Avoid long introductory or explanatory materials
— Written in past tense
IV.【T5】______【T5】______
— The overall question
— Experimental model
— Experimental design
— Significance of anticipated results
V.【T6】______【T6】______
— Document all of procedures
— Written in past tense and【T7】_____【T7】______
— Presented under headings, not in narrative form
— Omit background and【T8】_____ information【T8】______
VI. Results
— Do not include【T9】_____【T9】______
— Present data in the form of a【T10】_____, etc.【T10】______
—【T11】_____ are most preferable【T11】______
— Data are presented after the method and before the discussion
— Do not【T12】_____ in this section【T12】______
VII. Discussion
— Examine each of the hypotheses
— Make what conclusions you can
— Explain all of observations
— Examine the experimental design
— Think of new【T13】_____, etc.【T13】______
VIII. Literature cited
— List all literature in【T14】_____ order by first author【T14】______
— In a proper paper, use【T15】_____ literature only【T15】______
【T11】
How to Write a Research Report
Good morning, everyone. Today we are going to talk about how to write a research report. An objective of organizing a research paper is to allow people to read your work selectively. When I research a topic, I may be interested in just the methods, a specific result, the interpretation, or perhaps I just want to see a summary of the paper to determine if it is relevant to my study.
For most studies, a proper research report includes the following sections, submitted in the order listed, each section to start on a new page. Some journals request a summary to be placed at the end of the discussion. Some techniques articles include an appendix with equations, formulas, calculations, etc. Some journals deviate from the format, such as by combining results and discussion, or combining everything but the title, abstract, and literature as is done in the journal Science. Your reports will adhere to the standard format. And I am going to go through some of the basic sections of research papers to give you a sense of what a standard research paper is.
First of all, style.[1]In all sections of your paper, use paragraphs to separate each important point except for the abstract, and present your points in logical order. Use present tense to report background that is already established. For example, "the grass is green."[2]Always use past tense to describe results of a specific experiment, especially your own. For example, "When weed killer was applied, the grass was brown." Remember—present tense for background, and past tense for results.
Second, title page. Select an informative title, such as "Role of temperature in determination of the rate of development of Xenopus larvae." A title such as "Biology lab" is not informative.[3]Include the name(s)and address(es)of all authors, and date submitted.
Next, abstract.[4]Summarize the study, focusing on the results and major conclusions, including relevant quantitative data. It must be a single paragraph, and concise. It should stand on its own, therefore do not refer to any other part of the report, such as a figure or table. Avoid long sections of introductory or explanatory material. As a summary of work done, it is written in past tense.
[5]Fourthly, introduction Introduce the rationale behind the study, including
The overall question and its relevance to science
Suitability of the experimental model to the overall question
Experimental design and specific hypothesis or objective
Significance of the anticipated results to the overall question
Include appropriate background information, but please do not write everything you know about the subject.
[6]Fifthly, methods and materials. The purpose of this section is to document all of your procedures so that another scientist could reproduce all or part of your work. It is not designed to be a set of instructions.[7]As awkward as it may seem, it is standard practice to report methods and materials in past tense, third person passive. Your laboratory notebook should contain all of the details of everything you do in lab, plus any additional information needed in order to complete this section. While it is tempting to report methods in chronological order in a narrative form, it is usually more effective to present them under headings devoted to specific procedures or groups of procedures. Some examples of separate headings are "sources of materials," "experiment procedures", "think aloud protocol," and "statistical methods."
Try to be succinct without sacrificing essential information. Omit any background information or comments. If you must explain why a particular procedure was chosen, do so in the discussion.[8]Omit information that is irrelevant to a third party. For example, no third party cares what color ice bucket you used, or which individual logged in the data. Report how procedures were done, not how they were specifically performed on a particular day.
Now, about results.[9]Raw data are never included in a research paper.[10]Analyze your data, then present the analyzed or converted data in the form of a figure, table, or in narrative form. Present the same data only once in the most effective manner. By presenting converted data, you make your point succinctly and clearly.[11]Figures are preferable to tables, and tables are preferable to straight text. However, there are times when a figure is inappropriate, or the data come across more clearly if described in narrative form. To give your results continuity, describe the relationship of each section of converted data to the overall study. All converted data go into the body of the report, after the methods and before the discussion. Do not stick graphs or other data onto the back of the report just because you printed or prepared them separately.[12]Do not draw conclusions in the results section. Reserve data interpretation for the discussion.
NO. 7, discussion. Interpret your data in the discussion. Decide if each hypothesis is supported, rejected, or if you cannot make a decision with confidence. Do not simply dismiss a study or part of a study as "inconclusive." Make what conclusions you can, then suggest how the experiment must be modified in order to properly test the hypothesis(es). Explain all of your observations as much as possible, focusing on mechanisms. When you refer to information, distinguish data generated by your own studies from published information or from information obtained from other students. Decide if the experimental design adequately addressed the hypothesis, and whether or not it was properly controlled. One experiment will not answer an overall question, so keep the big picture in mind, where do you go next? The best studies open up new avenues of research.[13]What questions remain? Did the study lead you to any new questions? Try to think up a new hypothesis and briefly suggest new experiments to further address the main question. Be creative, and don’t be afraid to speculate.
Finally, literature cited.[14]List all literature cited in your report, in alphabetical order, by first author.[15]In a proper research paper, only primary literature is used. That is original research articles authored by the original investigators. Some of your reports may not require references, and if that is the case simply state "no references were consulted."
OK. I think I have covered the basic elements of writing a research report. I am sure you will be able to submit a standard and well-structured one in due course.
选项
答案
Figures
解析
题目询问何种方式是最佳呈现数据的方式。讲座提到,图表要比表格好,表格要比纯文本叙述好。因此,最佳的是图表,即Figures。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/RgsK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Researchonlanguagelearningstrategiesstartedinthe1970s.Forthemostpart,theprogressincognitivepsychologyhadagre
A、Theresearcherscan’texplainwhatleadstothefinding.B、Researchersonlydothetestsononekindofbacteria.C、Theresear
A、Theresearchershadmadesomemistakes.B、Theresearchersrepeatedtheexperimentmanytimes.C、E.coliwasalmostcompletely
A、Becauseitenablesteacherstoprepareforsubjectmatterinmoredepth.B、Becauseitcanputstudentsatacompetitiveadvant
Thereareseveralpossiblerelationshipsbetweenlanguageandsociety.Oneiswhatsocialstructuremayeitherinfluenceordete
Thereareseveralpossiblerelationshipsbetweenlanguageandsociety.Oneiswhatsocialstructuremayeitherinfluenceordete
Thereareseveralpossiblerelationshipsbetweenlanguageandsociety.Oneiswhatsocialstructuremayeitherinfluenceordete
Thereareseveralpossiblerelationshipsbetweenlanguageandsociety.Oneiswhatsocialstructuremayeitherinfluenceordete
A、Itwouldbebesttosignanagreementbeforemarriage.B、Bothparties’responsibilitiesshouldbestipulatedclearly.C、Thete
A、Allthebigno-nostandardsarelistedintheinterview.B、Stickingtotheseno-nostandardswillmakeyoufeellonely.C、Wes
随机试题
患者,男,44岁,劳累后受寒,出现发热恶寒,胸闷脘胀,继而身目皆黄,小便黄赤,舌苔白腻,脉浮,治疗的最佳方剂为
A.阴虚火旺B.虚火上浮C.肺热阴伤D.肺胃积热E.肺胃热毒壅盛咽喉红肿而痛者,常见于()。
国家鼓励单位和个人按照土地利用总体规划,在()的前提下,开发未利用的土地。
收集、分析、评价和传递有关某一个人在其工作岗位上的工作行为和工作结果方面的信息的过程是( )。
斗拱是中国古代建筑的独特构件,主要有支撑和装饰作用。一般说来,建筑的等级和时代风格不同,斗拱的形式和比例也不同。()
小静,15岁,高一,其父母离异多年且都另建有家庭。小静跟随母亲、继父生活,但她对生父有深厚的感情,母亲虽然阻止她跟生父见面,但是小静不以为然。小静性格活泼,个性倔强,留着短发,大家给她取了一个绰号“假小子”。她喜欢看电影、看电视剧、听音乐、参加体育活动,还
《普通高中数学课程标准(实验)》中规定的必修课程是每个学生都必须学习的数学内容,下列内容不属于必修4的是()。
在Powerpoint中打开文件,以下说法正确的是()。
下面的选项中,与服务质量管理有关的协议是(17),这种协议的主要特点是(18)。(18)
Fromanearlyage,GraceMahoney’slifewasruledbyfear.Sherecallshavingherfirstpanicattackinnurseryschool,and"it
最新回复
(
0
)