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  3. The most important of these scholars was Confucius, a minor aristocrat and official of the state of Lu.in the present Shandong P

The most important of these scholars was Confucius, a minor aristocrat and official of the state of Lu.in the present Shandong P

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问题     The most important of these scholars was Confucius, a minor aristocrat and official of the state of Lu.in the present Shandong Province, who spent most of his life in the late 500s and early 400s BC as an itinerant scholar teacher and adviser to the rulers of various states. To reestablish order and prosperity, he advocated a restoration of the imperial government, social and family organizations, and the rules of propriety prescribed in the classical literature of the early Zhou dynasty. The most important element in his system, however, was the individual. Confucius taught that each human being must cultivate such personal virtues as honesty, love, and filial piety through study of the models provided in the ancient literature. This would bring harmony to the graded hierarchy of family, society, and state. The most important individuals were the ruler and his advisers, because their standards of virtuous conduct would set an example for the realm.
    Confucius did not speak directly on such basic issues of his day as the nature of human beings;the fights of the people against tyrannical rulers, and the influence of the supernatural in human affairs. Two of his 4th and 3rd century BC disciples, Mencius and Xunzi.did much to clarify these issues. Mencius asserted that human nature was basically good and that it could be developed not only by study, as Confucius had taught, but also by a process of inner self-cultivation. Like Confucius, Mencius accepted the hierarchically ordered feudal society in which he lived, but he placed far greater stress on the responsibilities of the ruler for the welfare of the people. If the people rose up and overthrew a tyrant.it was proof that Heaven had withdrawn its mandate. In the name of Heaven Mencius claimed for the Chinese people the right of rebellion. Xunzi took an exactly opposite view of human nature;he asserted that rebellion was fundamentally evil. Xunzi, however, was sufficiently optimistic to believe in people’s unlimited capacity for improvement He taught that through education, the study of the classics, and the rules of propriety, virtue could be acquired and order could be reestablished in society.
According to Confucian doctrine a person should have all the following virtues except ______.
选项 A、integrity
B、love
C、filial piety
D、hierarchy
答案D
解析 文章表明，孔子告诉我们，每个人必须培养这种个人品德：诚实，爱，孝道。第一段Confuciustaught that each human being must cultivate such personal virtues as honesty，love，and filialpiety…。
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