首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
A 19th Century Killer Disease: Tuberculosis In 1882, Robert Koch, a German country doctor, succeeded in isolating the bacill
A 19th Century Killer Disease: Tuberculosis In 1882, Robert Koch, a German country doctor, succeeded in isolating the bacill
admin
2011-03-05
37
问题
A 19th Century Killer Disease: Tuberculosis
In 1882, Robert Koch, a German country doctor, succeeded in isolating the bacillus of tuberculosis. This discovery came at a time when this disease was the greatest single killer of the human race.
All during the 19th century it had spread remorselessly with the growth of cities, until it had reached epidemic proportions throughout the industrialized world.
Its record in the United States was one of frightful devastation. Immigrants from Europe, many of them debilitated from famines at home, flooded into the poorest and dirtiest sections of cities, there to die of the disease by the thousand. Working children were infected in staggering numbers. Hundreds of thousands of children worked twelve hours a day, six days a week. Chronically exhausted and undernourished, they made particularly susceptible victims. Since tuberculosis was not considered contagious, its victims spread the disease amongst those about them as they coughed, spat and drank from communal cups.
It is now known that tuberculosis is chiefly spread by droplet infection. It can also occur as a result of drinking unpasteurized milk from tubercular cows, where the pathogen penetrates the body through the alimentary canal. However, entry of the bacillus into the body is not necessarily followed by a clinical illness, the development of which depends on several other factors. Many people, for instance, seem to have a high natural resistance and although acquired immunity is not fully understood, it has been proved that if a person contracts and recovers from a primary tuberculosis infection, he is less likely to develop active tuberculosis on subsequent exposure to the tubercle bacillus than a patient who has not previously been infected.
Tuberculosis has notoriously been associated with poverty, with its accompanying malnutrition, overcrowding and stress, and while the exact role of nutrition is uncertain, it seems that a diet based on cheap carbohydrate and a lack of protein and vitamins is another contributing factor.
In addition, a condition such as diabetes mellitus also leads to increased risk of developing the disease, and statistics from certain mining areas in Africa show that sufferers of respiratory disorders, such as silicosis, are especially vulnerable to attacks of pulmonary tuberculosis.
The introduction of mass immunization against TB by the use of BCG vaccine, and of mass radiography, where it is possible to screen large numbers of people for early signs of tuberculosis, has dramatically reduced the incidence of the disease in the last few decades.
Summary :
Despite the fact that tuberculosis was the number one killer in the 19th century, it was not proved that the disease was【61】until 1882 when Robert Koch succeeded in isolating the tubercle bacillus. While it is now well known that tuberculosis is spread by【62】infection, it is also evident that entry of the tubercle bacillus does not necessarily lead to development of the disease. Although we do not yet fully understand【63】, there is evidence to show that a person who has contracted and recovered from the disease is【64】likely to develop active tuberculosis on subsequent exposure to the bacillus than a patient who has not been previously infected. As with all diseases spread by droplet infection, living in overcrowded insanitary conditions greatly increases the risk of【65】.
选项
答案
contagious
解析
(第三段末尾,Since tuberculosis was not considered contagious,联系上下文可知,这是在Robert Koch的发现之前,那时,人们都认为肺结核是没有传染性的。)
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/RzyK777K
本试题收录于:
A类竞赛(研究生)题库大学生英语竞赛(NECCS)分类
0
A类竞赛(研究生)
大学生英语竞赛(NECCS)
相关试题推荐
A、mustmake:interestB、shouldhavemade:wholeC、wouldmake:goodnessD、couldhavemade:sakeD句意:有些妇女本可以参加工作换取不错的薪水,而不是待在家里;但是
—______—Itshouldbegood.I’mlookingforwardtotakingit.
ThenewCEOaskedthatallinter-officecommunications______inwritingratherthaninperson,______possible.
TheWarsofthe______wereaseriesofdynasticwarsfoughtbetweensupportersoftworivalbranchesoftheroyalHouseofPlanta
TensofmillionsoftelevisionviewersaroundtheworldhavebecomefamiliarwiththemusicaltalentshowTheXFactor,whichor
CollegeofEngineering,MathematicsandPhysicalScienceHarrisonBuildingStreathamCampusUniversityofExeterExeterUKEX44
Seedcataloguesfeaturehundredsofdifferentfloweringspecies.Forthepersonjustbeginningagardenthiscanbebewildering,
Nomatterhowcarefullyyouplanatripwithafriend,orfamilymember,therewillprobablybeconflictsalongtheway.Evenaf
February14isValentine’sDay.Althoughitiscelebratedasalovers’holidaytoday,withritegivingofcandy,flowers,oroth
Theageofrequiringretirementincompaniesshouldberaised,andso【M1】______shouldtheagetobeginSocialSecurity.First
随机试题
增加左旋多巴疗效,减少不良反应的药物是
机体阴液突然大量丢失,导致生命垂危的病理变化是
男性患儿,出生后表现持续性鹅口疮,9个月后因真菌性肺炎死亡。尸检发现其胸腺发育不全。此患儿发生持续感染主要由于
胰头痛的主要临床特点是
为了加强对重大危险源控制系统的监管,对于新建项目中的重大危险、有害设施,企业应在该项目______提交重大危险源安全报告。
某桥梁工程:全长1.2km,基础采用钻孔桩,桥梁墩台采用实心墩,桥梁上部结构采用连续梁桥。施工单位对钻孔桩施工设置的质量控制点为:(1)桩位坐标控制;(2)垂直度的控制;(3)孔径的控制,防止缩径。施工单位对实心墩
审计抽样应当具备的三个基本特征有()。
设备有形磨损和无形磨损的完全补偿是()。
若有以下程序#includemain(){charw[20],a[5][10]={"abcdef","ghijkl","mnopq","rstuv","wxyz"};intp[6][2]={{0,1},{1,5},{0,0},{0,2},{1,4}
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaybasedonthepicturebelow.Youshouldstartyouressaywithabrief
最新回复
(
0
)