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  3. The carrot-and-stick theory of motivation (like Newtonian physical theory) works reasonably well under certain circumstances. (4

The carrot-and-stick theory of motivation (like Newtonian physical theory) works reasonably well under certain circumstances. (4

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问题     The carrot-and-stick theory of motivation (like Newtonian physical theory) works reasonably well under certain circumstances. (46)The means for satisfying man’s physiological and (within limits) his safety needs can be provided or with held by management. Employment itself is such a means, and so are wages, working conditions, and benefits. By these means the individual can be controlled so long as he is struggling for subsistence.
    But the carrot-and-stick theory does not work at all once man has reached an adequate subsistence level and is motivated primarily by higher needs. Management cannot provide a man with self-respect, or with the respect of his fellows, or with the satisfaction of needs for self-fulfillment. (47)It can create such conditions that he is encouraged and enabled to seek such satisfactions for himself, or it can thwart him by failing to create those conditions.
    But this creation of conditions is not control. It is not a good device for directing behavior.
    And so management finds itself in an odd position. The high standard of living created by our modern technological know-how provides quite adequately for the satisfaction of physiological and safety needs. The only significant exception is where management practices have not created confidence in a "fair break" and thus where safety needs are thwarted. (48)But by making possible the satisfaction of low-level needs, management has deprived itself of the ability to use as motive devices on which conventional theory has taught it to rely—rewards, promises, incentives or threats and other coercive devices.
    (49)The philosophy of management by direction and control—regardless of whether it is hard or soft—is inadequate to motivate because the human needs on which this approach relies are today unimportant motivators of behavior. Direction and control are essentially useless in motivating people whose important needs are social and egoistic. Both the hard and the soft approach fail today because they are simply irrelevant to the situation.
    (50)People, deprived of opportunities to satisfy at work the needs which are now important to them, behave exactly as we fight predict—with indolence, passivity, resistance to change, lack of responsibility, willingness to follow the demagogue, unreasonable demands for economic benefits.
    It would seem that we are caught in a web of our own weaving.
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答案管理层可以用这种满足人(在一定程度上)的物质需求和安全需求的方法来达到控制的效果。
解析 介词组做定语的翻译，so的翻译。第一句话中，for引导动名词和名词构成的并列短语组成介词短语做主语means的后置定语。第二句中的so翻译成"如此"，表示对前文的指代。
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考研英语一

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