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  3. The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessi

The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessi

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问题     The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulat- ing options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed " intuition" to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process to thinking.
    Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers dis- play a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capri-ciousness.
    Isenberg’ s recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers’ intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an "Aha!" experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systemat- ic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intu- ition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.
    One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that "thinking" is inseparable from acting. Since managers often "know" what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking /acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.
    Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.
Which of the following best exemplifies "an ’Aha! ’ experience"(line 39)as it is presented in the passage?
选项 A、A manager risks taking an action whose outcome is unpredictable to discover whether the action changes the problem at hand.
B、A manager performs well-learned and familiar behavior patterns in creative and uncharacteristic ways to solve a problem.
C、A manager suddenly connects seemingly unrelated facts and experiences to create a pattern relevant to the problem at hand.
D、A manager rapidly identifies the methodology used to compile data yielded by systematic analysis.
E、A manager swiftly decides which of several sets of tactics to implement in order to deal with the contingencies suggested by a problem.
答案C
解析 哪一个是L39所说的“Aha”验的最佳例证?类比题，先总结题干特征，见原文L36—39，是直觉的第三种应用，把零散的数据、事实合为一体。∴C正确。一管理者突然将一些看来没有关系的事实和经验连接到一起，针对当前问题给出解法。符合上面的特点。A．冒险检验一行动是否改变当前问题。无。B．优雅举止。熟悉的方式。直觉的第二个应用。D．确定收集系统分析提供数据的方法。无。E．快速决定采取哪种策略。直觉的第五种应用。
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