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  3. Grateful People Are Happier and Healthier It turns out that giving thanks is good for your health. A growing body of researc

Grateful People Are Happier and Healthier It turns out that giving thanks is good for your health. A growing body of researc

admin2012-06-20  48
问题                     Grateful People Are Happier and Healthier
    It turns out that giving thanks is good for your health. A growing body of research suggests that maintaining an attitude of gratitude can improve psychological, emotional and physical well-being.
    Adults who frequently feel grateful have more energy, more optimism, more social connections and more happiness than those who do not, according to studies conducted over the past decade. They’re also less likely to be depressed, envious, greedy or alcoholics. They earn more money, sleep more soundly, exercise more regularly and have greater resistance to viral infections.
    Now, researchers are finding that gratitude brings similar benefits in children and adolescents. Kids who feel grateful and act thankfully tend to be less materialistic, get better grades, set higher goals, complain of fewer headaches and stomachaches and feel more satisfied with their friends, families and schools than those who don’t, studies show.
    "A lot of these findings are things we learned in kindergarten or our grandmothers told us, but we now have scientific evidence to prove them," says Jeffrey J. Froh, an assistant professor of psychology at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York, who has conducted much of the research with children. "The key is not to leave it on the Thanksgiving table," says Robert Emmons, a professor of psychology at the University of California-Davis and a pioneer in gratitude research. And, he notes, "with the realization that one has benefited comes the awareness of the need to reciprocate (报答)."
    It’s possible, of course, to over-do expressions of gratitude, particularly if you try to show it with a gift. "Thanking someone in such a way that is disproportionate to the relationship—say, a student giving her teacher an iPod—will create resentment, anger and a sense of obligation," says Dr. Froh.
    Gratitude can also be misused to exert control over the receiver and enforce loyalty. Dr. Froh says you can avoid this by being empathic (有同感的) toward the person you are thanking—and by honestly assessing your motivations.
    In an upcoming paper in the Journal of Happiness Studies, Dr. Froh and colleagues surveyed 1 035 high-school students and found that the most grateful had more friends and higher GPAs (Grand Point Average), while the most materialistic had lower grades, higher levels of envy and less satisfaction with life. "One of the best cures for materialism is to make somebody grateful for what they have," says Dr. Froh.
    Much of the research on gratitude has looked at associations, not cause-and-effect relationships; it’s possible that people who are happy, healthy and successful simply have more to be grateful for. But in a landmark study in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology in 2003, Dr. Emmons of the University of Miami and psychologist Michael McCullough showed that counting blessings can actually make people feel better.
    As simple as it sounds, gratitude is actually a demanding, complex emotion that requires "self-reflection, the ability to admit that one is dependent upon the help of others, and the humility to realize one’s own limitations," Dr. Emmons says.
    Being grateful also forces people to overcome what psychologists call the "negativity bias"—the innate tendency to dwell on problems, annoyances and injustices rather than upbeat events. Focusing on blessings can help ward off depression and build adaptability in times of stress, grief or disasters, according to studies of people impacted by the Sept. 11 terror attacks and Hurricane Katrina.
    Can people learn to look on the bright side, want what they have and be grateful for it? Experts believe that about 50% of such temperament is genetic, but the rest comes from experience, so there’s sufficient opportunity for change. "Kids and adults both can choose how they feel and how they look at the world," says Andrew Greene, principal of Candlewood Middle School, who says that realization was one of the lasting legacies of Dr. Froh’s research there.
    For older children and adults, one simple way to cultivate gratitude is to literally count your blessings. Keep a journal and regularly record whatever you are grateful for that day. Be specific. Listing "my friends, my school, my dog" day after day means that "gratitude fatigue" has set in, Dr. Froh says. Writing "my dog licked my face when I was sad" keeps it fresher. Some people do this on their Facebook or MySpace pages, or in one of dozens of online gratitude groups. There’s an iPod application for gratitude journaling, too. The real benefit comes in changing how you experience the world. Look for things to be grateful for, and you’ll start seeing them everywhere.
    Delivering your thanks in person can be particularly powerful. One study found that fourth-graders who took a "gratitude visit" felt better about themselves even two months later—particularly those whose moods were previously low.
    Adopting a more upbeat mind-set helps facilitate gratitude, too. Instead of bonding with friends over complaints, try sharing what you’re grateful for. To avoid sounding boastful, focus on giving credit to other people, as in, "My mom took a whole day off from work to get to my game."
    Studies show that using negative, derogatory (贬损的) words—even as you talk to yourself—can darken your mood as well. Fill your head with positive thoughts, express thanks and encouragement aloud and look for something to be grateful for, not criticize, in those around you, especially loved ones. New York psychiatrist Drew Ramsey says that’s an essential tool for surviving the holidays. "Giving thanks for them helps you deal with the craziness that is part of every family," he says.
    Last, if you find you take too much for granted, try the "It’s a Wonderful Life" approach, imagine what life would be like without a major blessing, like a spouse, a child, a job or a friend.
Another way to develop gratitude is sharing what we’re grateful for rather than expressing______to our friends.
选项
答案complaints
解析 精析同义转述题。本段介绍了学习感恩的一种方法，即保持乐观的心态。随后使用具体事例说明，即与朋友分享要感恩的事，而不是和朋友在一起抱怨讨厌的事情。根据语法知识可知，空格处应填入名词作动词宾语，题干中的rather than与原文中的Instead of同义，expressing to our friends相当于原文中的bonding with friends over，故over的宾语complaints即为本题答案。
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