首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective res
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective res
admin
2017-01-17
50
问题
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experiences. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as "seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought." But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
In the end, credibility "happens" to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. "We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason."
Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it
选项
A、has attracted the attention of the general public.
B、has been examined by the scientific community.
C、has received recognition from editors and reviewers.
D、has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.
答案
B
解析
细节题。根据题干定位在文章第三段。该段先讲了科学界各人物角色在“取信过程”中的作用,然后说“发现声明”在历经“取信过程”之后,由个体的发现声明转变成集体可信的发现,可见B项为正确答案.即科学发现获得公众的可信度需要集体的努力和验证。A项“吸引普通大众注意力”原文未提。C项“获得编辑和评论家认同”、D项“被科学家同行经常性引用”,只是文中所说的一个方面,属于以偏概全。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/S9EZ777K
0
考研英语一
相关试题推荐
In1956,whenthecoldwarwasatitspeak,Americadeployeda"secretsonicweapon",asanewspaperheadlineputitatthetime
In1956,whenthecoldwarwasatitspeak,Americadeployeda"secretsonicweapon",asanewspaperheadlineputitatthetime
Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowinginformation.Makecommentsandexpressyourownopinion.
Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowinginformation.Makecommentsandexpressyourownopinion.
Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowinginformation.Makecommentsandexpressyourownopinion.
Itiscommonknowledgethathealthyfoodssuchasfruitsandvegetablescontaincertainnutrientsthatpromotegoodhealth—namel
Asimpleideasupportsscience:"trust,butverify".Resultsshouldalwaysbe【C1】______tochallengefromexperiment.Thatsimple
Asimpleideasupportsscience:"trust,butverify".Resultsshouldalwaysbe【C1】______tochallengefromexperiment.Thatsimple
Asimpleideasupportsscience:"trust,butverify".Resultsshouldalwaysbe【C1】______tochallengefromexperiment.Thatsimple
随机试题
固定资产管理的核心是__________。
功能宣发或肃降肺气、利尿消肿的药是
朱砂的用法是
A.扩容为主B.补液为主C.对症为主D.抗菌为主E.抗病毒为主
下列选项中,关于特别程序的表述正确的是()。
在账务处理模块中已记账凭证不能直接修改。()
微生物检验是用一定技术方法检查产品是否带有_________,是否符合国家卫生安全法规、标准限制要求的检验。
杭州历史博物馆内展厅共分三层,一楼展厅主要有()。
上下级人民检察院之间的关系是领导与被领导的关系。()
定义正整数的“数字和”为该数各位数的数字之和,如789的“数字和”为24,则1、2、3……2015这2015个数的“数字和”的总和是多少?
最新回复
(
0
)