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  3. There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedi

There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedi

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问题     There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units(state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status) and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses all of which hid to modem descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.
    Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. These data may be either quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level—variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum—or the data my represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reducing to comprehensibly form the properties of an otherwise un- wieldy mass of data.
    Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficiency to question each child; the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.
选项 A、Development and application of statistics.
B、Origin of descriptive statistics.
C、Limitations of inferential statistics.
D、Importance of statistics.
答案A
解析 典型的归纳概括题，要求考生归纳总结文章的中心思想。首先细想一下全文的内容概要，再看四个选项：A“统计学的发展与应用”，正是文章所讲的主要内容：B“描述性统计”的起源，只说了文章中很小的一个方面；C“推理统计方法的局限性”，文章中没有提及；D“统计的重要性”，不是本文的重点。综合比较，A正确。
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