首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
"Hew Women of the Ice Age" The status of women in a society depends in large measure on their role in the economy. The reinte
"Hew Women of the Ice Age" The status of women in a society depends in large measure on their role in the economy. The reinte
admin
2018-07-24
91
问题
"Hew Women of the Ice Age"
The status of women in a society depends in large measure on their role in the economy. The reinterpretation of the Paleolithic past centers on new views of the role of women in the food-foraging economy. Amassing critical and previously overlooked evidence from Dolni Vestonice and the neighboring site of Pavlov, researchers Olga Soffer, James Adovasio, and David Hyland now propose that human survival there had little to do with men hurling spears at big-game animals. Instead, observes Softer, one of the world’s leading authorities on Ice Age hunters and gatherers and an archeologist at the University of Illinois in Champaign-Urbana, it depended largely on women, plants, and a technique of hunting previously invisible in the archeological evidence—net hunting. "This is not the image we’ve always had of Upper Paleolithic macho guys out killing animals up close and personal," Softer explains. "Net hunting is communal, and it involves the labor of children and women. And this has lots of implications."
Many of these implications make her conservative colleagues cringe because they raise serious questions about the focus of previous studies. European archeologists have long concentrated on analyzing broken stone tools and butchered big-game bones, the most plentiful and best preserved relics of the Upper Paleolithic era (which stretched from 40,000 to 12,000 years ago). From these analyses, researchers have developed theories about how these societies once hunted and gathered food. Most researchers ruled out the possibility of women hunters for biological reasons. Adult females, they reasoned, had to devote themselves to breast-feeding and tending infants. "Human babies have always been immature and dependent," says Softer. "If women are the people who are always involved with biological reproduction and the rearing of the young, then that is going to constrain their behavior. They have to provision that child. For fathers, provisioning is optional."
To test theories about Upper Paleolithic life, researchers looked to ethnography, the scientific description of modern and historical cultural groups. While the lives of modern hunters do not exactly duplicate those of ancient hunters, they supply valuable clues to universal human behavior. In many historical societies, Softer observes, women played a key part in net hunting, since the technique did not call for brute strength nor did it place young mothers in physical peril. Among Australian Aborigines, for example, women as well as men knotted the mesh, laboring for as much as two or three years on a fine net. Among Native American groups, they helped lay out their handiwork on poles across a valley floor. Then the entire camp joined forces as beaters. Fanning out across the valley, men, women, and children alike shouted and screamed, flushing out game and driving it in the direction of the net. "Everybody and their mother could participate," says Softer. "Some people were beating, others were screaming or holding the net. And once you got the net on these animals, they were immobilized. You didn’t need brute force. You could club them, hit them any old way."
People seldom returned home empty-handed. Researchers living among the net hunting Mbuti in the forests of the Congo report that they capture game every time they lay out their woven traps, scooping up 50 percent of the animals encountered. "Nets are a far more valued item in their panoply of food-producing things than bows and arrows are," says Adovasio. So lethal are these traps that the Mbuti generally rack up more meat than they can consume, trading the surplus with neighbors. Other net hunters traditionally smoked or dried their catch and stored it for leaner times.
A Softer doubts that the inhabitants of Dolni Vestonice and Pavlov were the only net makers in Ice Age Europe. B Camps stretching from Germany to Russia are littered with a notable abundance of small-game bones, from hares to birds like ptarmigan. And at least some of their inhabitants whittled bone tools that look much like the awls and net spacers favored by historical net makers. C
Although the full range of their activities is unlikely ever to be known for certain, there is good reason to believe that Ice Age women played a host of powerful roles. D And the research that suggests those roles is rapidly changing our mental images of the past. For Softer and others, these are exciting times.
Look at the four squares [■] that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage.
Such findings, agree Softer and Adovasio, reveal just how shaky the most widely accepted reconstructions of Upper Paleolithic life are.
Where could the sentence best be added?
Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage.
选项
A、
B、
C、
D、
答案
C
解析
A conclusion based on evidence is a transitional device that connects the conclusion in the insert sentence to the evidence in the previous sentences. Choices A and B are not correct because the conclusion in the insert sentence would appear before the evidence. Choice D is not correct because the insert sentence would interrupt the relationship between the first and second sentences in the last paragraph.
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/SRfO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Labeltheplanbelow.Writethecorrectletter,A-l,nexttoquestions16-20Whereinthemuseumarethefollowingplaces?Gal
Completetheflowchartbelow.ChooseSIXanswersfromtheboxandwritethecorrectletter,A-G,nexttoquestions11-16.Aair
ChooseTHREEletters,A-ETheinventionofdifferentgearsonabicycleaffectedwhichTHREEofthefollowing?AWheelsizeBBa
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.DRIVINGSCHOOLExampleAnswerLookingfordrivingless
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.Whatistheexistingsituationaboutthepriceofbustickets?
Completethesentencesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.The______iswithinwalkingdistanceoftheaccommod
Whatadvantagedoesthespeakermentionforeachofthefollowingphysicalactivities?ChooseSIXanswersfromtheboxandwrite
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.WhatpleasedJillabouttheenergyprovider?
temperature录音提到热饮让人觉得甜得发腻(toosweett0berefreshing)。饮料冷冻后的甜味就没那么明显。由此可知影响甜味的是温度,故填入temperature。
A、Thatitcan’tbemeasured.B、Thatitdoesn’tchange.C、Thatit’sgettingsmaller.D、Thatit’srapidlyincreasing.BQ:?what?did
随机试题
高速工具钢淬火后若不及时回火,会使奥氏体稳定化而不利于消除残留奥氏体。()
我国生产火腿最多、最著名的地区是________。
影响照片密度值的因素不包括
下列关于改良沥青混凝土的配比参数计算应符合的要求说法正确的是()
下列关于转让定价方法的说法,正确的是()。(2013年)
下列关于我国新世纪航空航天成就的表述,正确的有()。
中华民族精神的核心是
设有学生表student(学号,姓名,性别,出生日期,院系)、课程表course(课程号,课程名,学时)和选课表score(学号,课程号,成绩),删除学号为“20091001”且课程号为“C1”的选课记录,正确命令是
考生文件夹下存在一个数据库文件“samp2.aecdb”,里面已经设计好三个关联表对象“tStud”、“tCourse”、“tScore”和一个空表“tTemp”。试按以下要求完成设计。(1)创建一个查询,查找并输出姓名是三个字的男女学生各自的人
Whatisbeingadvertised?
最新回复
(
0
)