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  3. Acidification, warming, the destruction of coral reefs: the biggest problems facing the sea are as vast, deep and seemingly intr

Acidification, warming, the destruction of coral reefs: the biggest problems facing the sea are as vast, deep and seemingly intr

admin2013-09-16  58
问题     Acidification, warming, the destruction of coral reefs: the biggest problems facing the sea are as vast, deep and seemingly intractable as the oceans themselves. So long as the world fails to cut its emissions of greenhouse gases, cause of the global warming behind these troubles, they will grow. By comparison, overfishing, another great curse, should be easier to put right, especially in the coastal waters where most fishing occurs. And yet it goes on, year after year.
    One reason why the pillage continues is that knowledge of fish stocks is poor. A new statistical attempt at estimating the remaining shoals, from the University of California, Santa Barbara, is therefore welcome. The study found that better-understood fisheries are likelier to be healthy. Another reason for overfishing is new technology(developed, aptly enough, for battlefields), which makes shoals easier to detect. As large boats and refrigeration have’spread, fishing fleets have covered greater distances and dragged larger catches. Because technology lets fishermen fish with less effort, it disguises just how fast the stocks are depleting.
    In most fisheries, the fishermen would make more money by husbanding their resource, and it should be possible to incentivise them to do so. The best way is to give them a defined, long-term right to a share of the fish. In regulated industrial fisheries, as in Iceland, New Zealand and America, this has taken the form of a tradable, individual share of a fishing quota. Developing countries, where law enforcement is weak, seem to do better when a group right over an expanse of water is given to a co-operative or village fleet. The principle is the same: fishermen who feel like owners are more likely to behave as responsible stewards. The new statistical study confirms that rights-based fisheries are generally healthier.
    Yet only a few hundred of the oceans’ thousands of fisheries are run this way, mainly because such schemes are hard to get right. Limiting access to a common resource creates losers, and therefore discord. Cultural differences affect success rates; not everyone is as law-abiding as Icelanders. Almost everywhere it takes time to convince fishermen, the last hunter-gatherers, to change their habits. But, barnacled by caveats though it may be, the rights-based approach is the best available.
    In rich countries, satellite imagery will increasingly help, by making monitoring cheaper and better. In many poor ones, devolution is making it easier to form local organisations. Another promising idea is to incorporate rights-based fisheries with no-catch zones. These safeguard breeding-stocks and are easier to monitor than individual catches. Where stocks are recovering, as a result of these reforms, fishermen are likelier to see scientifically determined quotas as in their self-interest.
In the author’s view, the prospect of the rights-based approach is______.
选项 A、promising
B、gloomy
C、unpredictable
D、culturally-dependent
答案A
解析 第四段作者首先指出基于权利的渔业改革模式存在一系列的障碍，然后总结指出“但它却是现有的最可行办法”。末段作者进一步指出，卫星图像的使用会使得该方法更加可行，方法的日渐完善会进一步增强渔民保护资源的动机。可见，总体看来，作者对这种方法持非常乐观的态度，[A]选项正确。
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