首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The fascination with dreams has continued through the various phases of human history. There is reason to believe that the earli
The fascination with dreams has continued through the various phases of human history. There is reason to believe that the earli
admin
2013-01-20
55
问题
The fascination with dreams has continued through the various phases of human history. There is reason to believe that the earliest societies may have considered dreaming as a voyage of the soul, a separation but quite definite being of the person. This, indeed, is how many primitive societies think of dreams today. More advanced societies have often thought of dreams as containing messages from the gods. This was one of the views held in ancient Egypt and Greece. While sleep has been considered an appropriate object of scientific study, dreaming has usually been considered rather a subject for fairy-tales and legends, and a plaything for philosophers. Even when Europeans started making progress in the physical and biological sciences, they dismissed dreaming as a proper scientific object because dreams were chiefly incomprehensible products of an inefficient, poorly oxygenated brain. In the nineteenth century, however, at least some medical men and scientists took dreaming more seriously and noted that dreams were perhaps the psychoses of madness of the normal man, during which strange and usually hidden thoughts appeared. This was in a sense a rediscovery of an old idea, already mentioned in Republic. Freud accepted this idea, and used his insight into dreaming to propose a complete theoretical outline for the organization of thought, involving primary processes and secondary process thinking. Freud was so impressed with the possibilities offered by the study of dreams for understanding mental life that he spoke of the dream as royal road to the un conscious.
However, Freud and the psychiatrists who followed him considered dreaming from feeling and probably instantaneous phenomenon. The prevalent view was that either dreaming took place during the moment of awaking, or, on the other hand, that dreaming occurred constantly but was only very occasionally and haphazardly "sampled" by consciousness. In either ease, the various properties of dreaming were explained on the basis of the properties of the solid underlying state of sleep.
A great deal of recent work completely contradicts this formulation indicating that dreaming is associated with an entire biological state of its own, state in many ways as different from ordinary sleep as it is different from waking. This biological state, or the D-state, has been found to occur in all mammalian species studied, as well as in people. It occurs at times when the psychological experience of dreaming is unlikely; for instance, in the newborn child, and the newborn cat. Recently a new field of inquiry has been developed by Aserinksy, Kleitman and other workers in the physiological, biological, and chemical sciences. This new field is the biology of dreaming, which sometimes has a focus far removed from the psychology of the dream. Through modem scientists’ joint effort, mysteries of dreaming may soon be unlocked.
The author’s attitude toward Freud’s studies can be best described as ______.
选项
A、ambiguous but misguided
B、valid but limited
C、insightful but controversial
D、premature and illogical
答案
C
解析
从第一段作者描述弗洛依德的研究时propose a complete theoretical outline可以看出,作者认为他的研究insightful,而第三段作者又提出,新的研究与之背离,可以看出它又controversial,选项C正确。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/T02O777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
TestshaveconfirmedthatfourpeopleinWisconsincontractedthemonkeypoxvirusaftercomingintoclosecontactwithpetprair
TestshaveconfirmedthatfourpeopleinWisconsincontractedthemonkeypoxvirusaftercomingintoclosecontactwithpetprair
Duringthefamine,manypeoplewere______togoingwithoutfoodfordays.
FranklinDelanoRooseveltwastheU.S.Presidentwhenmanybusinesseswere______duringtheGreatDepression.
Theyareconsidering______thehousebeforethepricesgodown.
Amajorreasonforconflictintheanimalworldisterritory.Themaleanimalestablishesanarea.Thesizeoftheareaissuffi
Aslongasherparentscanremember,13-year-oldKatieHarthasbeentalkingaboutgoingtocollege.Hermother,Tally,afinanc
Tounderstandthemarketingconcept,itisonlynecessarytounderstandthedifferencebetweenmarketingandselling.Nottooma
Despite______effortsbythefinanceminister,inflationroseto36points.
随机试题
47岁男性,持续性腹痛、腹胀、呕吐、无肛门排气排便2天入院。查体:体温37.6℃,脉搏116次/分,呼吸28次/分,血压85/60mmHg。痛苦面容,精神萎靡,表情淡漠。皮肤弹性差,静脉萎陷。实验室检查:Hb63g/L,血清钠130mmol/L,钾
以下哪项检查有助于确诊进行触诊检查时,应该
某市人民医院确诊1例传染性非典型肺炎,需多久之内网络直报
中国人民银行是全国银行间债券市场的主管部门。()
发生地震时,某大型超市内发生了骚乱,下列人员中,所处位置相对安全的是()。
下列属于事业单位年度考核的结果的是()。
现有五种人民币币值,一角的1枚,伍角的1枚,一元的1枚,伍元的4张,伍拾元的2张。问:用这些钱币付款可以付出不同数额的款子共多少种?
社会主义核心价值观包括()
要对文件记录进行批量存取时,一般采用______来组织存放文件。
TopicOntheImportanceofPunctualityForthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessay.Youshouldstartyou
最新回复
(
0
)