首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The Risks of Cigarette Smoke Discovered in the early 1800s and named nicotianine, the oily essence now called nicotine is the m
The Risks of Cigarette Smoke Discovered in the early 1800s and named nicotianine, the oily essence now called nicotine is the m
admin
2014-05-25
84
问题
The Risks of Cigarette Smoke
Discovered in the early 1800s and named nicotianine, the oily essence now called nicotine is the main active insredient of tobacco. Nicotine, however, is only a small component of cisarette smoke, which contains more than 4,700 chemical compounds, including 43 cancer-causing substances. In recent times, scientific research has been providing evidence that years of cigarette smoking vastly increases the risk of developing fatal medical conditions.
In addition to being responsible for more than 85 per cent of lung cancers, smoking is associated with cancers of, amongst others, the mouth, stomach and kidneys, and is thought to cause about 14 per cent of leukemia and cervical cancers. In 1990, smoking caused more than 84,000 deaths, mainly resulting from such problems as pneumonia, bronchitis and influenza. Smoking, it is believed, is responsible for 30 per cent of all deaths from cancer and clearly represents the most important preventable cause of cancer in countries like the United States today.
Passive smoking, the breathing in of the side-stream smoke from the burning of tobacco between puffs or of the smoke exhaled by a smoker, also causes a serious health risk. A report published in 1992 by the US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)emphasized the health dangers, especially from side-stream smoke. This type of smoke contains more, smaller particles and is therefore more likely to be deposited deep in the lungs. On the basis of this report, the EPA has classified environmental tobacco smoke in the highest risk category for causing cancer.
As an illustration of the health risks, in the case of a married couple where one partner is a smoker and one a non-smoker, the latter is believed to have a 30 per cent higher risk of death from heart disease because of passive smoking. The risk of lung cancer also increases over the years of exposure and the figure jumps to 80 per cent if the spouse has been smoking four packs a day for 20 years. It has been calculated that 17 per cent of cases of lung cancer can be attributed to high levels of exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke during childhood and adolescence.
A more recent study by researchers at the University of California at San Francisco(UCSF)has shown that second-hand cisarette smoke does more harm to non-smokers than to smokers. Leavins aside the philosophical question of whether anyone should have to breathe someone else’s cisarette smoke, the report suggests that the smoke experienced by many people in their daily lives is enough to produce substantial adverse effects on a person’s heart and lungs.
The report, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association(AMA), was based on the researchers’ own earlier research but also includes a review of studies over the past few years. The American Medical Association represents about half of all US doctors and is a strong opponent of smoking. The study suggests that people who smoke cigarettes are continually damaging their cardiovascular system, which adapts in order to compensate for the effects of smoking. It further states that people who do not smoke do not have the benefit of their system adapting to the smoke inhalation. Consequently, the effects of passive smoking are far greater on non-smokers than on smokers.
This report emphasizes that cancer is not caused by a single element in cigarette smoke; harmful effects to health are caused by many components. Carbon monoxide, for example, competes with oxygen in red blood cells and interferes with the blood’s ability to deliver life-giving oxygen to the heart. Nicotine and other toxins in cigarette smoke activate small blood cells called platelets, which increases the likelihood of blood clots, thereby affecting blood circulation throughout the body.
The researchers criticize the practice of some scientific consultants who work with the tobacco industry for assuming that cigarette smoke has the same impact on smokers as it does on non-smokers. They argue that those scientists are underestimating the damage done by passive smoking and, in support of their recent findings, cite some previous research which points to passive smoking as the cause for between 30,000 and 60,000 deaths from heart attacks each year in the United States. This means that passive smoking is the third most preventable cause of death after active smoking and alcohol-related diseases.
The study argues that the type of action needed against passive smoking should be similar to that being taken against illegal drugs and AIDS(SIDA). The UCSF researchers maintain that the simplest and most cost-effective action is to establish smoke-free work places, schools and public places.
According to information in the text, leukaemia and pneumonia
选项
A、are responsible for 84,000 deaths each year.
B、are strongly linked to cigarette smoking.
C、are strongly linked to lung cancer.
D、result in 30 per cent of deaths per year.
答案
B // are strongly linked to cigarette smoking
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/TFNO777K
本试题收录于:
雅思阅读题库雅思(IELTS)分类
0
雅思阅读
雅思(IELTS)
相关试题推荐
Fromaboxof10lightbulbs,youaretoremove4.Howmanydifferentsetsof4lightbulbscouldyouremove?
CompareQuantityAandQuantityB,usingadditionalinformationcenteredabovethetwoquantitiesifsuchinformationisgiven,
CompareQuantityAandQuantityB,usingadditionalinformationcenteredabovethetwoquantitiesifsuchinformationisgiven,
Whichtwoofthefollowingnumbershaveaproductthatisbetween-1and0?Indicatebothofthenumbers.
CompareQuantityAandQuantityB,usingadditionalinformationcenteredabovethetwoquantitiesifsuchinformationisgiven,
Fromaboxof10lightbulbs,youaretoremove4.Howmanydifferentsetsof4lightbulbscouldyouremove?
Theleastandgreatestnumberinalistof7realnumbersare2and20,respectively.Themedianofthelistis6,andthenumbe
Thisthingcalledloveisatotalmystery,andthe______ofpassionanddespairthataccompanieseveryromanticdevotionmayke
ScientistshavelongsoughtthereasonsfortherelativelyyoungageofthemajorityofMartianmeteoritesdiscoveredon
ScientistshavelongsoughtthereasonsfortherelativelyyoungageofthemajorityofMartianmeteoritesdiscoveredon
随机试题
管理的核心是以人为本,这是因为()
某企业的采购部在收到生产需求部门直接提交的清购单后,由其职员E进行询价并确定供应商,再由其职员F负责编制和发出预先未经连续编号的订购单。采购的货物运达后,采购部根据订购单的要求验收货物,编制一式多联的未连续编号的验收单。验收单一联交采购部,登记采购明细账和
一患者患风湿顽痹,肢体麻木瘫痪,不慎又将上肢前臂摔伤,现肢体肿胀、疼痛。治疗宜首选的药物是
患者,男性,30岁。农民,既往体健。7月2日来诊,腹泻2天,为水样便,带少量黏液,量多,1天10余次,相继呕吐数次,无发热、无腹痛,腓肠肌痉挛。体检:体温36.8℃,神志清,皮肤弹性差,脉搏细速,血压70/30mm/Hg。化验检查:粪便镜检白细胞0~2个
()不得使用商业承兑汇票。
财政部门对各单位实施监督的主要事项包括()。
A公司向B汽车运输公司租人5输载重汽车,双方签订的合同规定,5辆载重汽车的总价值为240万元,租期3个月,月租金为0.4万元。则A、B两公司应缴印花税额合计为()。
下列几个句子的顺序已经被打乱,请重新排列,排列正确的一项是()。①大海里,闪烁着一片鱼鳞似的银波②一片片坐着、卧着、走着的人影,看得清清楚楚了③沙滩上,也突然明亮起来④它像一面光辉四射的银盘似的,从那平静的大海里涌了出来⑤月亮上
论述清末民初中国近代经济率先自东部兴起的原因。(南开大学2014年中国历史真题)
WhocomestotheChicagotradefaireachyear?
最新回复
(
0
)