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  3. For fans of bitcoin, a digital currency, the year got off to a volatile start. On January 5th one bitcoin changed hands for near

For fans of bitcoin, a digital currency, the year got off to a volatile start. On January 5th one bitcoin changed hands for near

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问题     For fans of bitcoin, a digital currency, the year got off to a volatile start. On January 5th one bitcoin changed hands for nearly $ 1,150—almost as much as the record set three years ago. It has since dropped by 33%. 【F1】 Elsewhere in the land of monetary bits, things move more slowly but trouble is brewing; a potential patent war looms over the blockchain, a distributed ledger that authenticates and records every bitcoin transaction.
    Heated fights over intellectual property are nothing new in promising technology markets. 【F2】 But given that the blockchain is expected to shake up everything from the way precious diamonds are safeguarded to the way shares are traded, the legal fights could be especially fierce.
    On the face of it, the blockchain does not lend itself easily to staking out intellectual-property claims. 【F3】 Bitcoin’s creator, known only by his pseudonym, Satoshi Nakamoto, published a paper about his invention, coded the first implementation and then disappeared—meaning that the core of the technology is now part of the public domain and only important additions and variations could be patented. And the blockchain’s components are widely known. In America court decisions as well as a new law on the granting of patents make it difficult to claim ownership for such financial innovations.
    This hasn’t stopped firms from trying to get patent protection on meaningful improvements to the blockchain, including security and encryption techniques, says Colette Reiner Mayer of Morrison & Foerster, a law firm. 【F4】 Applications are now becoming public, because America’s patent office must release them 18 months after they are filed. A search of Espacenet, a global database, yields 36 hits; hundreds more are said to be in the pipeline.
    Financial firms are among the most assiduous filers: MasterCard, for instance, is seeking four payment-related patents; Goldman Sachs has put in for one outlining a distributed ledger that can process foreign-exchange transactions. Startups, including Coinbase, Chain and 21 Inc, have been busy, too.
    Only a very few patents have been issued so far. 【F5】 And known applicants all say that they intend to use patents only "defensively" , meaning to protect themselves against lawsuits. Still, legal battles look likely; incumbent banks may go after newcomers, and "non-practising entities" (also known as "patent trolls") may attempt to shake down other firms. It could slow the pace of innovation, warns Brian Behlendorf of Hyperledger, an umbrella group for several blockchain-related projects.
【F2】
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答案但区块链有望颠覆诸多领域的操作方式，譬如名贵钻石的安保工作方式．股票交易的方式等，因此相关的法律争端可能尤为激烈。
解析 本句是复合句。主句主语为the legal fights，谓语为could be，表语为especially fierce。given引导原因状语从句，其主语为the blockchain，谓语为is expected。to引导目的状语，from…to引导地点状语，其中“precious diamonds are safeguarded”和“shares are traded”都为省略了that的定语从句，修饰先行词the way。“the way+从句”结构的用法：the wav之后，引导定语从句的关系词是that而不是how。在正式语体中，that可被in which所代替；在非正式语体中，that则往往省略。由此我们得到the，way后接定语从句时的三种模式：1)the way+that-从句2)the way+in which-从句3)the way+从句。本句中shake up意思有很多：摇匀，改组，使感到震动，这就涉及词义的选择，问题是我们要将其在特定场合的正确意思选出来。正确选出词义是保证译文质量的重要环节，如果能做到在词语意义和字面形式上都对等当然最好，如果不能兼顾，则取意义，舍形式。所以本句中译为“颠覆”更为贴合。
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