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  3. In what we like to think of as "primitive" warrior cultures, the passage to manhood requires the blooding of a spear, the taking

In what we like to think of as "primitive" warrior cultures, the passage to manhood requires the blooding of a spear, the taking

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问题     In what we like to think of as "primitive" warrior cultures, the passage to manhood requires the blooding of a spear, the taking of a head. Leadership too in a warrior culture is typically contingent on military bravery and wrapped in the mystique of death.【F1】All warrior peoples have fought for the same high-sounding reasons: honor, glory or revenge, but the nature of their real and perhaps not conscious motivations is a subject of much debate. Some discern a materialistic motive behind every fight: a need for slaves, grazing land or even human flesh to eat; others point to the similarities between war and other male pastimes.
    But in a warrior culture it hardly matters which motive is most basic. Aggressive behavior is rewarded whether or not it is innate to the human psyche.【F2】War, to a warrior people, is of course the highest adventure, the surest medicine to disease, the endlessly repeated theme of legend, song, religious myth and personal quest for meaning. It is how men die and what they find to live for.
    You must understand that Americans are a warrior nation. In many ways, in outlook and behavior the U.S. has begun to act like a primitive warrior culture.【F3】We seem to believe that leadership is expressed, in no small part, by a willingness to cause the deaths of others—for lesser offices too we apply the standards of a warrior culture. Female candidates are routinely advised to overcome the handicap of their gender by talking "tough." Male candidates in some of the contests are finding their military records under scrutiny.
    And as in any primitive warrior culture, our warrior elite takes pride of place. Social crises multiply numbingly and our leaders tell us solemnly that nothing can be done. There is no money.【F4】We are poor, not rich, a debtor nation, and nearly a third of the federal budget flows, even in moments of peace, to the warriors and their weaponmakers. When those priorities are questioned, some new "crisis" dutifully arises to serve as another occasion for armed and often unilateral intervention.
    A leftist might blame "imperialism"; a right-winger would call our problem "internationalism." But an anthropologist, taking the long view, might say this is just what warriors do.【F5】Drowned in their own drumbeats and war songs, fascinated by the glint of steel and the prospect of blood, they will go forth, time and again, to war.
【F3】
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答案我们似乎认为，从很大程度上说，杀戮意愿就是领导力的表现——我们也同样将尚武文化的标准应用到下一层的军官中。
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