首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Different Types of Learning I. The definition of learning A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events B.【T1】
Different Types of Learning I. The definition of learning A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events B.【T1】
admin
2018-05-24
22
问题
Different Types of Learning
I. The definition of learning
A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events
B.【T1】______ of subject’s changing behavior【T1】______
C. A process of recognizing how【T2】______【T2】______
II. Two basic stages of learning
A【T3】______: gradual process with trial and error【T3】______
B. Maintenance: acting on the new information【T4】______【T4】______
III. Four types of learning
A Instrumental or【T5】______【T5】______
— The common one in dog training
— Behavior produces event
which can be a(n)【T6】______ or negative experience【T6】______
— Dogs【T7】______ when rewarded by the experience【T7】______
— Humans get burned when touching a hot stove
— Events/consequences change the behavior
B. Classical/respondent【T8】______【T8】______
— Learning that things go together
— Dogs begin【T9】______ when hearing the bell rings【T9】______
— The first form of learning is【T10】______【T10】______
— For humans, it’s likely to rain when it’s cloudy
C.【T11】______ learning【T11】______
— Also called single event learning
— Events are【T12】______【T12】______
— Dogs won’t perk up ears when hearing an irrelevant noise
— People get【T13】______ to noises【T13】______
D. Social learning
— As a result of being in social groups
— Chimpanzees learning how to【T14】______ by watching【T14】______
— People learn from others
— Frequently occurs in a situation of【T15】______ or being dynamic【T15】______
【T14】
Different Types of Learning
Good morning, everybody. Today, I’m going to talk about learning.
Let’s start with the definition of learning. Then what is learning? We define learning as a process where a living being experiences certain relationships between events and is able to recognize an association between events, and as a consequence the subject’s behavior changes because of that experience. Or, more simply, 1earning is the process of recognizing how a living being’s actions change its environment, other beings’ actions, etc. All living things can learn, even goldfish!
There are two basic stages of learning: acquisition and maintenance. When an individual is first learning something, this is called the acquisition stage. This stage of learning is not all or none: rather, it is usually gradual. You may have heard someone use the phrase "trial and error." Once armed with new information, an individual will act on the new information when it is appropriate. This is known as the maintenance stage. Learning begins to plateau during the maintenance stage.
Learning is done in four types: Instrumental learning, which is more commonly known as operant conditioning, classical conditioning, non-associative learning, and social learning.
Operant conditioning is a form that may be very familiar to you if you have ever trained a dog. The majority of learning is some form of operant conditioning. The simplest way to explain this type of learning is that behavior produces events. An event can be a rewarding experience or a negative experience. As a result of such events the behavior changes. A dog learns that his behavior has consequences and that he can control what happens to him by behaving in certain ways, or refraining from behaving in those ways. If your dog raids the garbage, he is rewarded by this experience by getting tidbits of food, and is more likely to repeat the behavior. Human beings are also products of this learning. We learn from a young age that if we touch a hot stove, we’ll get burned. If we put on a raincoat, we’ll stay dry. This form of learning is characterized by Thorndike’s Law of Effect The law states that if the consequence is pleasant the preceding behavior becomes more frequent, whereas if the consequence is unpleasant, the behavior will diminish and in some cases become extinct.
Classical conditioning is another form of learning that is increasing in popularity. This type of learning results from learning that certain things go together. This learning was demonstrated by the Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. In an investigative experiment, Pavlov was able to demonstrate in dogs that salivation could be started by non-food stimuli such as bells, buzzers, and tones. In his experiments, he was able to show that dogs will salivate when they anticipate food. Thus he created an unrelated stimulus, such as a bell, moments before giving the dog food. Soon the dogs learned that when the bell rings, food is on its way, and thus they began salivating. Humans also learn through classical conditioning. For example, we know that if it is cloudy, that rain is a possibility. Or when something is burning on the stove, the fire alarm may go off. This type of learning is called classical conditioning because it was the first form of learning demonstrated experimentally. It is also sometimes called respondent conditioning, because the first step in changing a behavior due to this type of learning, require involuntary or reflexive behaviors.
Non-associative learning is one of the most basic forms of learning. It is also called single event learning. This type of learning involves learning that some events are unrelated and irrelevant. For example, if a dog hears a noise, he may respond by perking up his ears. This response is called an orienting response. If the noise is something which has no relevance to the dog, the dog will not respond when it hears this noise: however, the dog must first learn which noises are or are not relevant. This is known as habituation. One example of this might happen when you move to a house that is on a busy street. The first night you may have trouble sleeping due to your increased awareness of the sounds. Over the next few days you will become habituated to these noises, and soon you won’t even notice they are there. Non-associative learning is learning that there are not always significant associations between events.
Social learning is a form of learning that occurs as a result of being in social groups. In most animals, this type of learning is only responsible for a small amount of behavior change. This type of learning is most prevalent in animal forms similar to humans. Chimpanzees do a great deal of social learning amongst their social group. Chimps will learn how to use tools by watching older members of the group manipulating those same tools. Humans are also extremely adept at social learning. We learn from others how things are done. Social learning occurs most frequently in a situation where there is some sort of social hierarchy or dynamic.
To sum up briefly, today we’ve discussed the definition of learning, the two stages involved in the process of learning and the four types of learning. So now you must have a clear idea of what learning is. I hope you’ve enjoyed this lecture.
选项
答案
use tools
解析
此题通过黑猩猩的行为,举例说明学习方式中的第四种类型。录音中提到“黑猩猩能够通过观察种群中长者们如何使用工具来学会这一技能。”由此可知答案为use tools。本题属于细节题,涉及列举的例子,是常考之处,听音时应给予注意。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/UCoK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
HowtoWriteaBookReviewI.ThedefinitionofabookreviewA.adescriptiveandcriticalorevaluativeaccountofabookB.a
HowtoWriteaBookReviewI.ThedefinitionofabookreviewA.adescriptiveandcriticalorevaluativeaccountofabookB.a
HowtoWriteaBookReviewI.ThedefinitionofabookreviewA.adescriptiveandcriticalorevaluativeaccountofabookB.a
HowtoWriteaBookReviewI.ThedefinitionofabookreviewA.adescriptiveandcriticalorevaluativeaccountofabookB.a
HowtoWriteaBookReviewI.ThedefinitionofabookreviewA.adescriptiveandcriticalorevaluativeaccountofabookB.a
HowtoWriteaBookReviewI.ThedefinitionofabookreviewA.adescriptiveandcriticalorevaluativeaccountofabookB.a
(1)Mostpeoplehaveexperiencedthefeeling,afterataxingmentalwork-out,thattheycannotbebotheredtomakeanymoredeci
(1)Mostpeoplehaveexperiencedthefeeling,afterataxingmentalwork-out,thattheycannotbebotheredtomakeanymoredeci
随机试题
浅盘凝集试验的特点不包括
有些高校教师有博士学位,所以,获得博士学位的有些人具有很高的教学和科研水平。为保证以上论证成立,以下哪项必须为真?
决策在领导工作中的地位。
甲公司是一家由多方投资组成的民营企业。经历过一段高速增长后企业经营开始陷入停滞不前的局面。该公司管理层需要改善业绩,增加企业价值。下列选项中,该公司管理层可以操纵的主要因素有()。
ABC会计师事务所负责审计甲集团公司2015年度财务报表,A注册会计师是审计项目合伙人,B注册会计师是项目质量控制复核人。与审计工作底稿相关的部分事项如下:(1)A注册会计师将归档期间收到的询证函回函替换审计报告日前已实施的替代程序审计工作底稿。
小明在一次登山活动中捡到一块矿石,回家后,他使用一把刻度尺、一只圆柱形的玻璃杯和足量的水就测量出这块矿石的体积.如果他量出玻璃杯的内径为d,把矿石完全浸没在水中,测出杯中水面上升了高度h,则这块矿石的体积是().
根据以下资料。回答下题。2012年上半年世界62个主要产钢国和地区粗钢产量76686万吨,同比增长0.88%,按日均计算仅增长0.32%,扣除我国粗钢产量外日均产量同比下降0.5%。下列说法正确的是:
基于具有大学人学年龄的人数日益减少,很多大学现在预测每年新生班级人数越来越少,然而Nice大学的管理者们对今年比前一年增加了40%的合格的申请者感到惊讶,因此现在为所有新生开设的课程雇用了更多的教职员工。以下哪项关于Nice大学目前合格的申请者的论述,如果
一朵雪花的体态是轻盈的,宛如六枚小银针,千针万线,给S大学校园绣出了合身的水晶外套。
A、Apictureonthewall.B、Apicturethathasn’tbeenenlarged.C、Apicturethephotographertookonhisvacationthisyear.D、A
最新回复
(
0
)