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  3. The Person’s Achievement Is Mostly Decided by the Day After Tomorrow Develop Rather Than Inborn Heredity

The Person’s Achievement Is Mostly Decided by the Day After Tomorrow Develop Rather Than Inborn Heredity

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问题      The Person’s Achievement Is Mostly Decided by the Day After Tomorrow Develop
                    Rather Than Inborn Heredity
    If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.
    What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.
    Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in "none of the above". Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. "With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20," Ericsson recalls. "He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers."
    This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person " encodes " the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
    Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion, the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers— whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made, not born.
According to Ericsson,good memory______.
选项 A、depends on meaningful processing of information
B、results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises
C、is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors
D、requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration
答案A
解析 事实细节题。Ericsson的观点主要集中于文章第四段，其中第二句明确指出好的记忆力不是天生的，而是由个人解码信息能力的强弱决定的，这与A“由对信息进行有意义的加工决定的”意思一致，故A为答案。作者在第三段主要介绍了埃里克森以及他的研究，给出了实验过程及其实验结果。第四段围绕埃里克森的研究结论展开，首句介绍他的结论——记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为，不如说是一种认知行为，第二句对第一句加以解释：记忆力的先天性的差异并不重要，重要的是个人“解码”信息的能力，第三句提到有意义地学习解码信息的最佳方法是一个被称为“有意练习”的过程。第四段首句提到埃里克森对记忆力的看法：记忆力本身不是由基因决定的，记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为，不如说是一种认知行为，所以B“源于直觉而不是认知练习”和C“由基因而不是心理因素决定”与之矛盾，排除。第四段末句提到“有意练习”包括确立特定目的，获取及时反馈，关注技巧和结果，没有提到集中精神，所以D是无关干扰。
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