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  3. Because early man viewed illness as divine punishment and healing as purification, medicine and religion were inextricably linke

Because early man viewed illness as divine punishment and healing as purification, medicine and religion were inextricably linke

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问题 Because early man viewed illness as divine punishment and healing as purification, medicine and religion were inextricably linked for centuries. This notion is apparent in the origin of our word "pharmacy," which comes from the Greek pharmakon, meaning "purification through purging."
    By 3500 B.C., the Sumerians in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley had developed virtually all of our modern methods of administering drugs. They used gargles, inhalations, pills, lotions, ointments, and plasters. The first drug catalog, or pharmacopoeia, was written at that time by an unknown Sumerian physician. Preserved in cuneiform script on a single clay tablet are the names of dozens of drugs to treat ailments that still afflict us today.
    The Egyptians added to the ancient medicine chest. The Ebers papyrus, a scroll dating from the 1900 B.C. and named after the German Egyptologist George Ebers, reveals the trial-and-error know-how acquired by early Egyptian physicians. To relieve indigestion, a chew of peppermint leaves and carbonates (known today as antacids) was prescribed, and to numb the pain of tooth extraction, Egyptian doctors temporarily stupefied a patient with ethyl alcohoL The scroll also provides a rare glimpse into the hierarchy of ancient drug preparation. The "chief of the preparers of drugs" was the equivalent of a head pharmacist, who supervised the "collectors of drugs", field workers who gathered essential minerals and herbs. The "preparers’ aides," (technicians) dried and pulverized ingredients, which were blended according to certain formulas by the "preparers." And the "conservator of drugs" oversaw the storehouse where local and imported mineral, herb and animal-organ ingredients were kept.
    By the 7th century BC, the Greeks had adopted a sophisticated mind-body view of medicine. They believed the physician must pursue the diagnosis and treatment of the physical (body) causes of disease within a scientific framework, as well as cure the supernatural (mind) components involved. Thus, the early Greek physician emphasized something of a holistic approach to health, even if the suspected "mental" causes of disease were not recognized as stress and depression, but interpreted as curses from displeased deities.
    The modern era of pharmacology began in the 16th century, ushered in by the first major discoveries in chemistry. The understanding of how chemicals interact to produce certain effects within the body would eventually remove much of the guesswork and magic from medicine. Drugs had been launched on a scientific course, but centuries would pass before superstition was displaced by scientific fact One major reason was that physicians, unaware of the existence of disease-causing pathogens, continued to dream up imaginary causative evils. And though new chemical compounds emerged, their effectiveness in treating disease was still based largely on trial and error. Many standard, common drugs in the medicine chest were developed in this trial-and-error environment Such is the complexity of disease and human biochemistry that even today, despite enormous strides in medical science, many of the latest sophisticated additions to our medicine chest shelves were accidental finds.
The   7th-century   Greek’s   view   of   medicine   differed   from   that   of   the   Sumerians   as   the Greeks _____.
选项 A、developed most of the preparations of modem drugs
B、established a hierarchy for the preparation of drugs
C、adopted both the mental and physical root causes of illness
D、discovered more advanced chemical applications of drugs
答案C
解析 第4段提到古希腊人的医学观，第1句说到古希腊人在医学中采取一种复杂的医学身心观(body-mind view of medicine)。第2句提到，古希腊人认为医生对疾病的生理(身体)原因进行诊断和治疗，并治愈超自然(精神)方面的“病”。可判断古希腊人治病时候要从生理和心理两方面找出病因，故C正确。A“研发出大多数现代药物的制作过程”，与现代药物服用方法相似的是苏美尔人的药物，这也不是药物制作方法，也与古希腊人无关。B的hierarchy是埃及人在药物制作时建立的工作等级。D“发现更先进的药物使用方法”与题干中药物观无关，且文章没提及。
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