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  3. While fashion is thought of usually in relation to clothing, it is important to realize that it covers a much wider domain. It i

While fashion is thought of usually in relation to clothing, it is important to realize that it covers a much wider domain. It i

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问题     While fashion is thought of usually in relation to clothing, it is important to realize that it covers a much wider domain. It is to be found in manners, the arts, literature, and philosophy, and may even reach into certain areas of science. In fact, it may operate in any field of group life, apart from the technological and utilitarian area and the area of the sacred. Its operation requires a class society, for in its essential character it does not occur either in a homogeneous society like a primitive group, or in a caste society.
    Fashion behaves as a movement, and on this basis it is different from custom which, by comparison, is static. This is due to the fact that fashion is based fundamentally on differentiation and emulation. In a class society, the upper classes or the so-called social elite are not able to differentiate themselves by fixed symbols or badges. Hence the more external features of their life and behavior are likely to be imitated by classes immediately below them, who, in turn, are imitated by groups immediately below them in the social structure. This process gives to fashion a vertical descent. However, the elite class finds that it is no longer distinguishable, by reason of the imitation made by others, and hence is led to adopt new differentiating criteria, only to displace these as they in turn are imitated. It is primarily this feature that makes fashion into a movement and which has led one writer to remark that a fashion, once launched, moves to its doom.
    As a movement, fashion shows little resemblance to any of the other movements which we have considered. While it occurs spontaneously and moves along in a characteristic cycle, it involves little in the way of crowd behavior and it is not dependent upon the discussion process and the resulting public opinion. It does not depend upon the mechanisms of which we have spoken. The participants are not recruited through agitation. No morale is built up among them. Nor does the fashion movement have, or require, an ideology. Further, since it does not have a leadership imparting conscious direction to the movement, it does not build up a set of tactics. People take part in the fashion movement voluntarily and in response to the interesting and powerful kind of control which fashion imposes on them.
According to the author, a fashion movement
选项 A、will eventually develop into a social organization.
B、has little in common with other movements.
C、has a powerful leadership guiding it.
D、has a set of symbols and values.
答案B
解析 作者认为，时尚运动[A]最终会发展成一个社会组织。[B]和其他运动几乎没有什么相似之处。[C]受到一种强大的领导力的指引。[D]有自己的一套标志和价值观。根据最后一段第一句，作为一种运动，时尚与其他我们曾考虑过的任何运动几乎没有什么相似之处，这正是[B]所表达的意思。其他三个选项都与最后一段的内容不相符。文中说没有领导层来有意识地引导时尚运动的方向，所以[C]不对；参与者不是通过煽动被召集来的，在他们中间没有建立士气，而时尚运动没有也不要求有思想体系，[A]和[D]都与此不相符。
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