首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Students of the great society, looking at mankind in the long perspective of history, have frequently been disposed to seek an e
Students of the great society, looking at mankind in the long perspective of history, have frequently been disposed to seek an e
admin
2014-01-13
22
问题
Students of the great society, looking at mankind in the long perspective of history, have frequently been disposed to seek an explanation of existing cultural differences among races and peoples in some single dominating cause or condition. One school of thought has found that explanation in climate and in the physical environment. Another school has sought an explanation of divergent cultures in the innate qualities of races biologically inherited. These two theories have this in common, namely, that they both conceive civilization and society to be the result of evolutionary processes — processes by which man has acquired new inheritable traits—rather than processes by which new relations have been established between men.
In contrast to both of these, there is the catastrophic theory of civilization. From this point of view, climate and innate racial traits, important as they may have been in the evolution of races, have been of only minor influence in creating existing cultural differences. In fact, races and cultures, so far from being in any sense identical— or even the products of similar conditions and forces — are perhaps to be set over against one another as contrast effects, the results of antagonistic tendencies, so that civilization may be said to flourish at the expense of racial differences rather than to be conserved by them. At any rate, if it is true that races are the products of isolation and inbreeding, it is just as certain that civilization, on the other hand, is a consequence of contact and communication. The forces which have been decisive in the history of mankind are those which have brought men together in fruitful competition, conflict, and cooperation.
Among the most important of these influences have been— according to what I have called the catastrophic theory of progress—migration and the incidental collisions, conflicts, and fusions of people and culture which they have occasioned. "Every advance in culture, " says Bucher, in his Industrial Evolution, "commences, so to speak, with a new period of wandering, " and in support of this thesis he points out that the earlier forms of trade were migratory, that the first industries to free themselves from the household husbandry and become independent occupations were carried on itinerantly. "The great founders of religion, the earliest poets and philosophers, the musicians and actors of past epochs, are all great wanderers. Even today, do not the inventor, the preacher of a new doctrine, and the virtuoso travel from place to place in search of adherents and admirers — notwithstanding the immense recent development in the means of communicating information? "
The influences on migrations have not been limited, of course, by the changes which they have effected in existing cultures. In the long run, they have determined the racial characteristics of historical peoples. "The whole teaching of ethnology, " as Griffith Taylor remarks, "show that peoples of mixed race are the rule and not the exceptions, " Every nation, upon examination, turns out to have been a more or less successful melting-pot. To this constant sifting of races and peoples, human geographers have given the title "the historical movement, " because, as Miss Semple says, "it underlies most written history and constitutes the major part of unwritten history, especially that of savage and nomadic tribes."
Changes in race do inevitably follow changes in culture. The movements and mingling of peoples which bring rapid, sudden, and often catastrophic changes in customs and habits are followed, in the course of time, as a result of interbreeding, by corresponding modifications in temperament and physique. There has probably never been an instance where races have lived together in the intimate contacts which a common economy enforces in which racial contiguity has not produced racial hybrids. However, changes in racial characteristics and in cultural traits proceed at very different rates, and it is notorious that cultural changes are not consolidated and transmitted biologically.
The author describes the first forms of independent occupation as being______.
选项
A、carried out for the purpose of trade and cultural exchange
B、migratory and uninhibited by domestic incumbencies
C、encouraged by autocrats to increase a civilization’s wealth
D、superfluous to a civilization’s cultural impact
答案
B
解析
本题为细节分析题。根据第三段“…the earlier forms of trade were migratory,that thefirst industries to free themselves from the household husbandry and become independent occupationswere carried on itinerantly.”可知,最早形式的贸易是移动性的,它将人们从家务中解放出来,形成独立的职业,人们以周游的方式从事贸易活动,B选项符合这个意思。其他选项文中并未提及,为干扰项。因此,B选项正确。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/UYhO777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Thedealerwanted$500,Iwantedtopay$400,andwefinallyagreedto______thedifference.
Theeffectofthebabyboomontheschoolshelpedtomakepossibleashiftinthinkingabouttheroleofpubliceducationinthe
Thephoneringsatwork.Youpickitupandthecaller【61】intoacomplaint:"IaskedforacataloguethreeweeksagoandIstill
ManycountrieswillnotallowcigaretteadvertisingintheirnewspapersoronTV——especiallysincetheadvertisementsareusuall
OnecountrythatiscertainoftheeffectoffilmsontourismisAustralia.TheTouristOfficeofQueenslandsaythatCrocodile
Animportantpointinthedevelopmentofagovernmentalagencyisthecodificationofitscontrollingpractices.Thestudyofl
LastyearFrenchdriverskilled【56】than5,000peopleontheroadsforthefirsttimeindecades.Creditgoeslargely【57】the1
TheJapanesedesireformarriagehadbeenverystrong.Inthefifth"worldyouthaltitudesurvey"【1】bytheManagementandCoordi
TheJapanesedesireformarriagehadbeenverystrong.Inthefifth"worldyouthaltitudesurvey"【1】bytheManagementandCoordi
Manydifferentmeaningshavebeengiventothewordpoetry.ItwouldwearymyreadersifIweretodiscusswhichofthesedefini
随机试题
新生儿出生后进行Apgar评分的评价指标不包括
以下属于右心衰竭表现的是
申请注册的商标,凡符合法律规定的,由()初步审定,予以公告;不符合规定的,由商标局驳回申请,不予公告。
A股份有限公司(以下简称“A公司”)于2011年2月10日成立,股本总额为人民币3000万元,净资产为2000万元。2011年1月A公司获得上市资格,2016年3月A公司拟与2个自然人共同设立一家普通合伙企业,A公司投资130万元。后来由于经营环境变化,有
函的主送机关适用的范围包括()。
试述从实际出发、实事求是唯物主义一元论世界观的根本要求。
认真阅读给定材料,简要回答下面两题。(20分) 1.“给定资料1”提到,权威部门指出,如果再不采取果断措施,渤海将在十几年后变成“死海”。这里的“死海”是什么意思。(10分) 要求:准确、简明。不超过100字。 2.请结合给定资料中的具体事例,
永元四年(公元92年),汉和帝用宦官()掌握的一部分禁军,消灭了窦氏势力。郑众从此参预政事,并受封为侯,这是宦官用权和封侯的开始。
对二元函数z=f(x,y),下列结论正确的是().
BywhomhasMichaelMoralesbeensparedthesecondtimeintwenty-fourhours?
最新回复
(
0
)