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  3. We have often heard people, especially the elderly say that "I said this from experiences, or I did it from my own experiences."

We have often heard people, especially the elderly say that "I said this from experiences, or I did it from my own experiences."

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问题      We have often heard people, especially the elderly say that "I said this from experiences, or I did it from my own experiences." And also in our society we value the experiences and regard them as precious things, and we respect the experienced persons. We often consult them, and ask for help from them. But have you ever thought why experience is so valuable? According to the psychologists, that experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur with out the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.
     Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
     In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer; for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. Thus forgetting seems to serve the survival of the individual and the species.
     Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learn ed. Such data offer gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-out- put balance.
From the evolutionary point of view,______.
选项 A、forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously in adaptive
B、if a person is very forgetful he must be very adaptive
C、the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual’s adaptability
D、sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences
答案D
解析 事实细节题。在文章二段作者说，突然遗忘的事例可以被看作是适应性的表现，这是人类经过自然选择过程生存下来的能力；对痛苦经历的记忆会产生严重焦虑，而遗忘能使人从中得以解脱。因此，从进化论的观点看，突然遗忘可以产生适应性后果。所以选项D是正确答案。
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