首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
I should start by saying as clearly as I can that I love antibiotics. Recently I had dinner with a pediatrician friend, and she
I should start by saying as clearly as I can that I love antibiotics. Recently I had dinner with a pediatrician friend, and she
admin
2015-08-29
72
问题
I should start by saying as clearly as I can that I love antibiotics. Recently I had dinner with a pediatrician friend, and she told me the story of the day’s sickest child. Before she sent the child to the emergency room in an ambulance, she told me, she gave her 50 milligrams per kilogram of ceftriaxone, a powerful antibiotic.
"You probably saved her life," I said, and my friend nodded: it was possible. Antibiotics represent a huge gift in the struggle against infant and child mortality, a triumph(or actually, many triumphs)of human ingenuity and science over disease and death, since the antibiotic era began back in the fourth and fifth decades of the 20th century.
But new research is looking at questions about the complex effects of antibiotics on bacteria, on individual children, and on populations building on a greatly increased awareness of how powerful antibiotics can be. and how important it is to use them judiciously.
Over the past 15 years or so, spurred by new realizations and new fears -about the risks of breeding resistant strains of bacteria, pediatricians in the United States have, as a group, cut back dramatically on prescribing antibiotics in situations where they may not be necessary. Parents, as a group, have become less likely to demand them.
"It’s actually been a remarkable change in practice from the mid-’90s on," said Dr. Jonathan Finkelstein, a pediatrician at Boston Children’s Hospital who studies antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance, "and we did that by physicians and patients recognizing that antibiotics are quite effective, quite safe, but there’s no such thing as a free lunch, and as with any other medical decision, we have to weigh the risks and benefits of every treatment."
There has been a lot of discussion about whether ear infections should always be treated with antibiotics, or whether in some situations(older child, less ill)"watchful waiting" might be appropriate—but it’s also true that many of us have become much more reluctant to diagnose ear infections in borderline cases.
In a study that Dr. Finkelstein and his colleagues published this year, looking at antibiotic use in children in Massachusetts, the rate at which antibiotics were dispensed to the youngest group(3 to 24 months)had decreased 24 percent by 2008 - 2009 from 2000 - 2001. That drop was largely driven by a declining rate of diagnosis of ear infections.
We always knew there were immediate risks to antibiotics. Children could have allergic reactions. They could get diarrhea. Babies could get unpleasant yeast infections—severe diaper rash, thrush in the mouth. But still, the thinking back when I trained was that after the antibiotics, the body would return to normal.
"When antibiotics were developed, they were miraculous for all the reasons that you know," said Dr. Martin J. Blaser, the chairman of medicine at New York University School of Medicine. "With few exceptions, there was almost no long-term toxicity that was identifiable, and so everybody thought that if you took an antibiotic, it could produce some immediate upset—it could produce a rash, loose bowels—and then everything would return to normal, bounce back to normal. But in fact there was no real exploration of that. It just became an article of faith."
Dr. Blaser has devoted himself to a study of what is now called the microbiome, the bacterial population that lives on us and in us, and the effects of perturbing that population by antibiotic use. He and other researchers are asking questions about whether alterations in the microbiome may be linked to many different patterns of health, growth and disease. It’s an area of investigation that is still new, but changing quickly.
Last summer, Dr.Blaser’s group published a study in The International Journal of Obesity in which they analyzed growth data from a large group of British children: those treated with antibiotics when very young(under 6 months)showed increased weight gain by a year of age, and were 22 percent more likely to be overweight at age 3.
The influence of early antibiotics on the lungs has also been examined. A study in last month’s issue of the journal Pediatrics looked epidemiologically at another large population of children, and found an association between childhood antibiotic treatment and the later development of inflammatory bowel disease.
Every one of these researchers started with an antibiotic pledge of allegiance. "We clearly have to use antibiotics and are lucky to have them around," said Dr. Matthew P. Kronman, lead author on the bowel disease study, who is a specialist in pediatric infectious diseases at the Seattle Children’s Hospital. "It’s just that we are still learning what all of their effects are."
According to what Dr. Jonathan Finkelstein has said in Paragraph Five, we can infer that
选项
A、there isn t any harm or side-effect of using antibiotics.
B、antibiotics help doctors remarkably in practice since the mid-90s.
C、there may be some bad effects of using antibiotics we don’t know.
D、doctors have to point out the risks of using antibiotics in treatment.
答案
C
解析
推断题。由题干定位至第五段。由该段末尾“there’s no such thing as a free lunch”(没有免费的午餐)可知,使用抗生素也不可能只有好处没有坏处.故选[C]。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/V4OO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
HowInterpretersWork?Ⅰ.UnderstandingA.Aboutwordsandexpressions—【1】______wordsmaybeleftout:【1】______—Ifnot
Therearesomanythingsaboutourlivesthatbelongtothecontentofculturethatitisimpossibletocoverthemall.Inthis
Therearesomanythingsaboutourlivesthatbelongtothecontentofculturethatitisimpossibletocoverthemall.Inthis
Contrasttoresearchers’expectations,dysfunctionalfamilyrelationshipsandpoor【M1】______.communicationstylesappearto
WhichofthefollowinganimalsisNOTtheuniqueanimalofAustralia?
A、TheyworrythattheIrishRepublic’sbudgetplanwillunderminethestabilityofEuropeanUnions.B、EUcountriesfearthatIri
Thechangesinlanguagewillcontinueforever,butnooneknowssure【M1】______whodoesthechanging.Onepossibilityi
Abouthalfoftheinfantandmaternaldeathsindevelopingcountriescouldbeavoidedifwomenhadusedfamilyplanningmethods
WorldBankPresidentRobertZoellicksaidhelpthatisneededforcountriesinwhichhigherfoodpricesarecausinghunger.Many
破碎的事物就这样印满了重重叠叠的生命的影迹,那么沉厚,那么绰约,却那么美丽。同样,很残忍的,我相信破碎的灵魂才最美丽。我喜欢看人痛哭失声,喜欢听人狂声怒吼,喜欢人酒后失态吐出一些埋在心底发酵的,住事。我喜欢素日沉静安然的人喋喋不休地诉说苦难,一向
随机试题
在民事诉讼中,原告要求与被告解除婚姻关系的诉讼属于
计算
氨茶碱静注过快可出现的不良反应是:
表皮癣菌感染可引起白色念珠菌感染可引起
女,28岁。发热半月,弛张热型,伴恶寒、关节痛。体检:皮肤瘀点,Osier结节,心脏有杂音,考虑为感染性心内膜炎。确诊的直接证据来自
下列施工文件档案资料中,属于工程质量控制资料的有()。
老张:只有四川人才爱吃辣椒。小刘:不对吧!老李是四川人,但他不爱吃辣椒。小刘的回答把老张的话误解为以下哪项?
《行政处罚法》规定,未满14周岁的人违反行政法律规范将()。
给定资料1.2015年3月,十二届全国人大三次会议上,李克强总理在政府工作报告中首次提出“互联网+”行动计划,提到“提升旅游休闲消费”,“把以互联网为载体、线上线下互动的新兴消费搞得红红火火”。“互联网+”成了020(线上和线下)的新表达,旅游是新兴消费
Youwillhearfivedifferentbusinesstelephonecalls.Foreachextracttherearetwotasks.ForTaskOne,choosethereceiver’s
最新回复
(
0
)