首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately
admin
2012-10-20
55
问题
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately, errors frequently occur, and we are not talking about simple carelessness as occurs when two numbers are incorrectly added, nor do we mean errors resulting from simple forgetfulness. Rather, we have in mind errors of a logic nature — those resulting from faulty reasoning. Now, or at least soon, computers will be capable of error-free logical reasoning in a variety of areas. The key to avoiding errors is to use a computer program that relies on the last two decades research in the field of automated theorem proving. AURA (Automated Reasoning Assistant) is the program that best exemplifies this use of the computer.
AURA solves a problem by drawing conclusions from a given set of facts about the problem. Program does not learn, nor is it self-analytical, but it reaches logical conclusions flawlessly. It used various types of reasoning and, more important, has access to very powerful and sophisticated logical strategies. AURA seldom relies on brute force to find solutions. Instead it solves almost all problems by using sophisticated techniques to find a contradiction. One generally starts with a set of assumptions and adds a statement that the goal is unreachable. For example, if the problem is to test a safety system that automatically shuts down a nuclear reactor when instruments indicate a problem, AURA is told that the system will not shut the reactor down under those circumstances. If AURA finds a contradiction between the statement and the system’s design assumptions, then this aspect of the reactor’s design has been proved satisfactory. This strategy, known as the set of support strategy, lets AURA concentrate on the problem at hand and avoid the many fruitless steps required to explore the entire theory underlying the problem. Almost never does the program proceed by carrying out an exhaustive search.
The chief use for AURA at this time is for electronic circuit design validation, but a number of other uses will arise. For example, there already exist "expert systems" that include a component for reasoning. An expert system is a special purpose program designed to automate reasoning in a specific area such as medical diagnosis. These expert programs, unlike human experts, do not die. Such systems continue to improve and have an indefinite life span. Moreover, they can be replicated for pennies. A human who can expertly predict where to drill for oil is in great demand. A program that can predict equally well would be invaluable and could be duplicated any number of times.
Will the computer replace the human being? Certainly not. It seems likely that computer programs will reproduce — that is, design more clever computer programs and more efficient, more useful components. Reasoning programs will also analyze their own progress, learn from their attempts to solve a problem, and redirect their attack on a problem. Such programs will assist, rather than replace, humans. Their impact will be felt in design, manufacturing, law, medicine, and other areas. Reasoning assistants will enable human minds to turn to deeper and far more complex ideas. These ideas will be partially formulated and then checked for reasoning flaws by a reasoning program. Many errors will be avoided.
The author suggests in Para. 1 that humans are
选项
A、apt to err in simple counting.
B、liable to irrational thinking.
C、prone to memory dysfunction.
D、subject to unwitting reasoning.
答案
B
解析
首段第三、四句指出,人们常犯错误,这里指的不是因粗心而将两个数字加错或因遗忘而发生的简单错误,而是指逻辑性错误,即由不正确的推理产生的错误。据此判断,[B]“易于进行不合逻辑的思考”为句意的合理推论。[A]“容易犯简单的计算错误”、[C]“易于出现记忆功能障碍”以及[D]“容易发生无意的推理”,皆与句意相悖。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/V9hK777K
0
专业英语四级
相关试题推荐
Whatistheconversationmainlyabout?
Naturally,inagroupofanimalsasdiverseasthesnakes,andwithsomanyvariedenemies,therearenumerousdefensivereactio
Culturalnormssocompletelysurroundpeople,sopermeatethoughtandaction,thatweneverrecognizetheassumptionsonwhicht
Themysteryhadnowreacheditsclimax:themanhadundoubtedlybeenmurdered,anditwasabsolutelycertainnoonecouldconcei
ThedoctoraskedSteveto
Whatisthespeaker’sfieldofstudy?
Thoughherparents______hermusicalability,Linda’spianoplayingisreallyterrible.
Allthecommunists______thepeopleinsteadofbeingservedbythepeople.
WhowontheWorldCup1998footballgame?WhathappenedattheUnitedNations?Howdidthecriticslikemenewplay?【C1】______an
WhichofthefollowingdescriptionsisCORRECT?
随机试题
考生文件夹下存在一个数据库文件“samp2.accclb”,里面已经设计好两个表对象住宿登记表“tA”和住房信息表“tB”,其中“tA”和“tB”表中“房间号”的前两位为楼号。试按以下要求完成设计:(1)创建一个查询,查找楼号为“01”的客人记录
风湿热的一般表现中不包括
属于胃肠动力变化而影响药物吸收的是
痰蒙心神证的表现应除外哪项()
链斗式挖泥船顺流施工时其尾锚抛设应()。
江老师十分注重自我学习,却经常不参加学校的校本研修活动。江老师的行为()
2016年6月下旬,英国举行了脱欧公投,“脱欧”是指脱离()。
马克思主义是科学,从根本上说在于它()。
关于法律权利与法律义务的关系,正确的观点有
Childrengoingtoschoolmusthaveachanceto_____excessphysicalenergy;childrenevenmorethanadultsrequireandenjoyphys
最新回复
(
0
)