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  3. Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s gr

Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s gr

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问题    Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say "I’m sorry"; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.
   In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. "There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve, " says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.
   And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.
   Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.
   In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.
   " That’s good news, " Malti says, "We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret. "
Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing______.
选项 A、may help correct emotional deficiencies
B、can result from either sympathy or guilt
C、can bring about emotional satisfaction
D、may be the outcome of impulsive acts
答案B
解析 根据题干关键信息“Malti and others have shown”和“cooperation and sharing”可以定位至原文第四段第三句“…Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing．”(马尔蒂和其他人已经表明，内疚和同情心可能代表了合作和分享的不同途径。)结合四个选项，may help correct emotional deficiencies(可能有助于改正感情缺陷)与原文第四段第二句话“…that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency”(内疚可能会弥补感情缺陷)不符，排除A项。can result from either sympathy or guilt(要么归因于同情，要么归因于内疚)与原文表述一致，所以B项正确。can bring about emotional satisfaction(能够带来感情上的满足)，原文中没有与之相关的信息，排除C项。may be the outcome of impulsive acts(可能是冲动行为的结果)与第四段第四句“…which can rein in their nastier impulses．”(这可以控制他们更糟糕的冲动)，属于因果倒置，与原文内容不符，排除D项。故选B。
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