首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
No doubt you know several folks with perfectly respectable IQs who repeatedly make poor decisions. The behavior of such people t
No doubt you know several folks with perfectly respectable IQs who repeatedly make poor decisions. The behavior of such people t
admin
2020-08-26
55
问题
No doubt you know several folks with perfectly respectable IQs who repeatedly make poor decisions. The behavior of such people tells us that we are missing something important by treating intelligence as if it encompassed all cognitive abilities. I coined the term " dysrationalia," meaning the inability to think and behave rationally despite having adequate intelligence, to draw attention to a large domain of cognitive life that intelligence tests fail to assess. Although most people recognize that IQ tests do not measure every important mental faculty, we behave as if they do. We have an implicit assumption that intelligence and rationality go together — or else why would we be so surprised when smart people do foolish things?
IQ tests do not measure dysrationalia, but there are ways to measure dysrationalia and ways to correct it. Decades of research in cognitive psychology have suggested two causes of dysrationalia. One is a processing problem, the other a content problem. Much is known about both of them.
The processing problem comes about because we tend to be cognitive misers. When approaching a problem, we can choose from any of several cognitive mechanisms. Some mechanisms have great computational power, letting us solve many problems with great accuracy, but they are slow, require much concentration and can interfere with other cognitive tasks. Others are comparatively low in computational power, but they are fast, require little concentration and do not interfere with other ongoing cognition. Humans are cognitive misers because our basic tendency is to default to the processing mechanisms that require less computational effort, even when they are less accurate.
The second source of dysrationalia is a content problem. We need to acquire specific knowledge to think and act rationally. Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term "mindware" to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and scientific inference) that must be retrieved from memory to think rationally. The absence of this knowledge creates a mindware gap — again, something that is not tested on typical intelligence tests.
My goal in proposing the term "dysrationalia" is to separate intelligence from rationality, a trait that IQ tests do not measure. The concept of dysrationalia, and the empirical evidence indicating that the condition is not rare, should help create a conceptual space in which we value abilities at least as important as those currently measured in IQ tests.
According to David Perkins, "mindware" means________.
选项
A、specific knowledge people need to think rationally
B、common sense people need to slowly accumulate
C、social rules or conventions people have to follow
D、knowledge people need to obtain to pass IQ tests
答案
A
解析
本题是词汇题,要求考生能够根据上下文准确理解文章中提到的术语或概念。本题答题的关键点在第四段的第三句话“…to refer to the rules,data,procedures,strategies and other cognitive tools(knowledge of probability,logic and scientific inference)that must be retrieved from memory to think rationally”。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/VPTO777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
TheSocialSecurityActdidnotincludehealthinsurancebecausethecommissionconsideredthatitsinclusionwouldjeopardizet
HerofficeintheFirstNationalBankbuildingisprovisional.
AsApplepreparestoreportwhat(analystsproject)maybethecompany’sfirstyear-over-yearquarterlyearningsdeclineinadeca
Peoplehavebeenpaintingpicturesforatleast30,000years.Theearliestpictureswerepaintedbypeoplewhohuntedanimals.
We______ourvoicedependingonthecircumstances,particularlyinrelationshiptobackgroundnoise.
Negotiationislimitedtothecorporateboardroomortohigh-stakesbusinesssettings.Bybecomingfamiliarwithsimplenegotia
Toparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurke,"Allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeople
Toparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurke,"Allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeople
TheCommitteepronouncedfourmembersexpelledforfailuretoprovideinformationinthe______ofinvestigations.
随机试题
地理标志
初产妇停经8周时,可以出现()
患者,女,42岁。己婚,患滴虫性阴道炎,需阴道灌洗局部治疗。为该患者作阴道灌洗应选择的溶液是
以下是必须经过国务院卫生行政部门批准方可生产的特殊用途化妆品的各种用途。不包括用于
患者,男性,70岁。近5年来乏力,尿频,每晚尿5~6次,但无尿痛,无尿急。昨大量饮酒后下腹部胀痛逐渐加重,查体在耳止骨联合上区可触到一圆形具有压痛的弹性肿物,临床诊断最可能是
背景:某小区住宅工程,地下2层,地上10层,剪力墙结构,建筑面积13000m2,由某施工单位组织施工,本市一家监理公司监督,在施工过程中发生了以下事件:当年12月初,结构施工至首层时,市建设行政主管部门组织的考评小组第二次分别对建设、监理、施工单位进行考
借款人申请贷款时,除了借款人名称、企业性质、经营范围,申请贷款的种类、期限、金额、方式、用途,还需提供用款计划,还本付息计划等资料。()
一般选取()等指标来衡量目标区域信贷资产的流动性状况。
有一个小孩,在上中学时,父母曾为他选择文学这条路。只上了一个学期。老师就在他的评语中写下了这样的结论:“该生用功,但做事过分拘礼和死板。这样的人即使有着完善的品德,也决不能在文学上有所成就。”后来,因为化学老师了解到他的这个特点后,就建议他改学化学,因为化
Ithasbeenarguedthatwhereschoolsbecomebureaucratized,theybecomeboundupwiththetechniquesandimplementationofthe
最新回复
(
0
)