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  3. No doubt you know several folks with perfectly respectable IQs who repeatedly make poor decisions. The behavior of such people t

No doubt you know several folks with perfectly respectable IQs who repeatedly make poor decisions. The behavior of such people t

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问题     No doubt you know several folks with perfectly respectable IQs who repeatedly make poor decisions. The behavior of such people tells us that we are missing something important by treating intelligence as if it encompassed all cognitive abilities. I coined the term " dysrationalia," meaning the inability to think and behave rationally despite having adequate intelligence, to draw attention to a large domain of cognitive life that intelligence tests fail to assess. Although most people recognize that IQ tests do not measure every important mental faculty, we behave as if they do. We have an implicit assumption that intelligence and rationality go together — or else why would we be so surprised when smart people do foolish things?
    IQ tests do not measure dysrationalia, but there are ways to measure dysrationalia and ways to correct it. Decades of research in cognitive psychology have suggested two causes of dysrationalia. One is a processing problem, the other a content problem. Much is known about both of them.
    The processing problem comes about because we tend to be cognitive misers. When approaching a problem, we can choose from any of several cognitive mechanisms. Some mechanisms have great computational power, letting us solve many problems with great accuracy, but they are slow, require much concentration and can interfere with other cognitive tasks. Others are comparatively low in computational power, but they are fast, require little concentration and do not interfere with other ongoing cognition. Humans are cognitive misers because our basic tendency is to default to the processing mechanisms that require less computational effort, even when they are less accurate.
    The second source of dysrationalia is a content problem. We need to acquire specific knowledge to think and act rationally. Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term "mindware" to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and scientific inference) that must be retrieved from memory to think rationally. The absence of this knowledge creates a mindware gap — again, something that is not tested on typical intelligence tests.
    My goal in proposing the term "dysrationalia" is to separate intelligence from rationality, a trait that IQ tests do not measure. The concept of dysrationalia, and the empirical evidence indicating that the condition is not rare, should help create a conceptual space in which we value abilities at least as important as those currently measured in IQ tests.
According to David Perkins, "mindware" means________.
选项 A、specific knowledge people need to think rationally
B、common sense people need to slowly accumulate
C、social rules or conventions people have to follow
D、knowledge people need to obtain to pass IQ tests
答案A
解析 本题是词汇题，要求考生能够根据上下文准确理解文章中提到的术语或概念。本题答题的关键点在第四段的第三句话“…to refer to the rules，data，procedures，strategies and other cognitive tools(knowledge of probability，logic and scientific inference)that must be retrieved from memory to think rationally”。
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