首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Keep Our Seas Clean A) By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world’s population could have increased to around 12 billio
Keep Our Seas Clean A) By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world’s population could have increased to around 12 billio
admin
2017-11-17
35
问题
Keep Our Seas Clean
A) By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world’s population could have increased to around 12 billion. Of these, some 60 percent will live within 60 km of the sea. The agricultural and industrial activities required to support this population will increase the already significant pressures on fertile coastal areas. Death and disease caused by polluted coastal waters costs the global economy US $12.8 billion a year. Plastic waste kills up to 1 million sea birds, 100,000 sea mammals and countless fish each year.
B) One significant impact of human activity is marine pollution. The most visible and familiar is oil pollution caused by tanker accidents and tank washing at sea, and in addition to the gross visible short-term impacts, severe long-term problems can also result In the case of the Exxon Valdez which ran onto a shore in Alaska in 1989, biological impacts from the oil spill can still be identified 15 years after the event. The Prestige which sank off the Spanish coast late in 2002, resulted in huge economic losses as it polluted more than 100 beaches in France and Spain and effectively destroyed the local fishing industry.
C) Despite the scale and visibility of such impacts, the total quantities of pollutants entering the sea from the long line of catastrophic oil spills appeared small compared with those of pollutants introduced directly and indirectly from other sources, including domestic sewage, industrial discharges, leakages from waste tips, urban and industrial run-off, accidents, spillages, explosions, sea dumping operations, oil production, mining, agriculture nutrients and pesticides, waste heat sources, and radioactive discharges. Land based sources are estimated to account for around 44 percent of the pollutants entering the sea and atmospheric inputs account for an estimated 33 percent. By contrast, transport on the sea accounts for 12 percent.
D) The impacts of pollution vary. Nutrient pollution from sewage discharges and agriculture can result in unsightly and possibly dangerous "blooms" of algae (藻类) in coastal waters. As these blooms die and decay they use up the oxygen in the water. This has led, in some areas, to "creeping dead zones" (CDZ), where oxygen dissolved in the water falls to levels unable to sustain marine life. Industrial pollution also contributes to these dead zones.
E) Radioactive (放射性的) pollution has many causes, including the normal operation of nuclear power stations, but by far the single biggest sources of man-made radioactive elements in the sea are the nuclear fuel reprocessing plants at La Hague in France and at Sellafield in the UK Waste released from them has resulted in the widespread pollution of living marine resources over a wide area; radioactive elements traceable to reprocessing can be found in seaweeds as far away as the West Greenland Coast.
F) Trace metal pollution from metal mining, production and processing industries can damage the health of marine plants and animals and render some seafoods unfit for human consumption. The contribution of human activities can be very significant: the amount of mercury introduced to the environment by industrial activities is around four times the amount released through natural processes such as weathering and erosion (腐蚀).
G) The input of man-made chemicals to the oceans potentially involves an overwhelming number of different substances. 63,000 different chemicals are thought to be in use worldwide with 3,000 accounting for 90 percent of the total production amount. Each year, anywhere up to 1,000 new synthetic chemicals may be brought onto the market. Of all these chemicals some 4,500 fall into the most serious category. These are known as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). They’re resistant to breakdown and have the potential to accumulate in the tissues of living organisms (all marine life), causing hormone disruption which can, in turn, cause reproductive problems, induce cancer, suppress the immune system and interfere with normal mental development in children.
H) POPs can also be transported long distances in the atmosphere and deposited in cold regions. As a result, Inuit populations who live in the Arctic a long distance from the sources of these pollutants are among the most severely influenced people on the planet, since they rely on fat-rich marine food sources such as fish and seals. POPs are also thought to be responsible for some polar bear populations failing to reproduce normally. Scarily, seafoods consumed by people living in warm and mild regions are also affected by POPs. Oily fish tend to accumulate POPs in their bodies and these can be passed to human consumers. When oily fish are rendered down into fish meal and fish oils and subsequently used to feed other animals, then this too can act as a pathway to humans. Farmed fish and shellfish, dairy cattle, poultry and pigs are all fed fish meal in certain countries, and so meat and dairy products as well as farmed and wild fish can act as further sources of these chemicals to humans.
I) The North and Baltic Seas also contain some of the world’s busiest shipping lanes. 200,000 ships cross the North Sea every year. Many goods transported by ships are hazardous (half the goods carried at sea can be described as dangerous) and loss of dangerous cargoes can result in damage to the marine environment. Chemical tank washings, discharge of oily wastes and wash waters are all significant sources of marine pollution.
J) In addition there is always the risk of a major oil spill, a risk made worse by the fact that some of the tankers that routinely travel through still have only one body-frame or have other technical defects and crews who are poorly educated. In November 2002, the Prestige oil tanker went down off the coast of Spain with 70,000 tons of oil on board which polluted 2,890 km of coastline. A few days earlier it had been crossing the Baltic.
K) Some sources of pollution have been brought under control by international legislation. Countries which signed the London Convention have agreed to stop the dumping of radioactive and industrial waste at sea. The OSPAR Convention regulates marine pollution in the North East Atlantic Region while countries which signed the Stockholm Convention have committed themselves to the phase out of a number of persistent organic pollutants. Within the European Community, the Water Framework Directive may be expected to bring further reductions in polluting inputs, although it will be over a very long time frame. The additional benefit of the new EU REACH (Registration Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) initiative, which aims to regulate the production and use of dangerous chemicals at source, remains to be seen.
About one-third of the pollutants entering the sea come from atmospheric inputs.
选项
答案
C
解析
文章B、C两段是说明海洋污染的来源,B段重点介绍油污染,C段则提到其他的污染源。题目中about one-third与C段倒数第2句的33 percent所指的比率相同,而且都指atmospheric inputs的比率,故选C。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/VPa7777K
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
TheUSCongressA)TheUScongressisthelegislativebranchofthefederalgovernment.Itisabicameral(两院制的)law-making
WorkingtoImprovetheConditionsofEvergladesNationalParkA)WhenmanypeoplethinkofFlorida,imagesofsandycoastlin
KeepOurSeasCleanA)Bytheyear2050itisestimatedthattheworld’spopulationcouldhaveincreasedtoaround12billio
Asmedicalevidencemountsthatweareindeedwhatweeat,consumingahealthierdiethasbecomealmostanationalpassioninth
Forsomeeducators,thereisnothingwrongwithfunandgames.AgroupcalledtheEducationArcaderecentlyheldaconferencein
Manyprivateinstitutionsofhighereducationaroundthecountryareindanger.Notallwillbesaved,andperhapsnotalldeser
Juicemaybetasty,butit’snotreallythatnourishing.Whileorangejuiceisan【B1】_____sourceofvitaminC,itdoesn’tconta
A、Domedicalcheckupregularly.B、Avoidmakingnoise.C、Limitexposuretoharmfulnoise.D、Liveintheplacewithoutnoises.C录音
Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveni
Sixyearsago,aMiamiwomanwalkingthroughthehallofanofficebuildingcasuallynoticedtwomenstandingtogether.Several
随机试题
A、一级管理B、三级管理C、二级管理D、一般管理E、重点管理毒性药品原料药应
宏观调控的主体是()。
《城市抗震防灾规划管理规定》抗震设防区,是指地震基本烈度在()的地区。
消防电气控制装置在安装前,应进行()检查。检查结果不合格的装置严禁安装。
电气装置防火主要包括哪几个方面内容?
某企业承包一项工程,该工程可用甲、乙、丙、丁四种施工方法中的任何和种完成,四种施工方法都将不同程度地受到天气变化的影响,经计算,四种施工方法在不同天气状况下的后悔值如下表所示,则用最小最大后悔值法选择的最优方案是()。(单位:万元)。
下面每组数中是互质数的是()。
据估计,东京市居民的年用水量为2亿吨,大约6千万吨用在抽水马桶上。为节约用水,东京某居民在自己的楼顶上安装了一个容积为2吨的储水罐储存雨水用以抽水马桶的冲洗,15年来即便是少雨的季节,罐内的雨水从来没有用尽过。他认为,若东京每户居民都装一个2吨的储水罐,就
奶油中的脂肪被认为是有营养的和有益健康时,国家就颁布了一条法律,要求所有的生产商使用“仿制奶油”的术语来说明他们的被水稀释的奶油中的奶油脂肪含量。今天,众所周知,奶油脂肪中较高的胆固醇含量使其有害于人类健康。既然鼓励公众吃低奶油脂肪含量而不是高奶油脂肪含量
有如下程序floatfun(intx,inty){return(x+y);}main(){inta=2,b=5,c=8;printf("%3.Of\n",fun((int)fun(a+c,B),(a-
最新回复
(
0
)