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  3. Given all the roiling debates about how America’s children should be taught, it may come as a surprise to learn that students sp

Given all the roiling debates about how America’s children should be taught, it may come as a surprise to learn that students sp

admin2015-02-09  85
问题     Given all the roiling debates about how America’s children should be taught, it may come as a surprise to learn that students spend less than 15% of their time in school. While there’s no doubt that school is important, a clutch of recent studies reminds us that parents are even more so. A study published earlier this month by researchers at North Carolina State University, Brigham Young University and the University of California-Irvine, for example, finds that parental involvement—checking homework, attending school meetings and events, discussing school activities at home—has a more powerful influence on students’ academic performance than anything about the school the students attend.【C1】______
    So parents matter—a point made clear by decades of research showing that a major part of the academic advantage held by children from affluent families comes from the "concerted cultivation of children" as compared to the more laissez-faire(let children do what they want)style of parenting common in working-class families. But this research also reveals something else: that parents, of all backgrounds, don’t need to buy expensive educational toys or digital devices for their kids in order to give them an edge.【C2】______
    But not just any talk. Although well-known research by psychologists Betty Hart and Todd Risley has shown that professional parents talk more to their children than less-affluent parents—a lot more, resulting in a 30 million "word gap" by the time children reach age three—more recent research is refining our sense of exactly what kinds of talk at home foster children’s success at school. For example, a study conducted by researchers at the UCLA School of Public Health and published in the journal Pediatrics found that two-way adult-child conversations were six times as potent in promoting language development as interludes in which the adult did all the talking.【C3】______
    The content of parents’ conversations with kids matters, too. Children who hear talk about counting and numbers at home start school with much more extensive mathematical knowledge.【C4】______
    While the conversations parents have with their children change as kids grow older, the effect of these exchanges on academic achievement remains strong. And again, the way mothers and fathers talk to their middle-school students makes a difference. Research by Nancy Hill, a professor at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Education, finds that parents play an important role in what Hill calls "academic socialization"—setting expectations and making connections between current behavior and future goals(going to college, getting a good job).【C5】______
A. As they grow older, this feeling helps middle- and upper-class kids develop into assertive advocates for their own interests, while working-class students tend to avoid asking for help or arguing their own case with teachers.
B. They don’t need to drive their offspring to enrichment classes or test-prep courses. What they need to do with their children is much simpler talk.
C. Engaging in these sorts of conversations, Hill reports, has a greater impact on educational accomplishment than volunteering at a child’s school or going to PTA(parent-teacher association)meetings, or even taking children to libraries and museums.
D. And a third study concludes that schools would have to increase their spending by more than $1,000 per pupil in order to achieve the same results that are gained with parental involvement(not likely in this stretched economic era).
E. Engaging in this reciprocal back-and-forth gives children a chance to try out language for themselves, and also gives them the sense that their thoughts and opinions matter.
F. Another study, published in the Review of Economics and Statistics, reports that the effort put forth by parents has a bigger impact on their children’s educational achievement than the effort expended by either teachers or the students themselves.
G. Psychologist Susan Levine, who led the study on number words, has found that the amount of talk young children hear about the spatial properties of the physical world—how big or small or round or sharp objects are—predicts kids’ problem-solving abilities as they prepare to enter kindergarten.
【C3】
选项
答案E
解析 空格前一句提到，成年人与孩子双向交谈(two-way adult-child conversations)比成年人单方讲话更能促进孩子语言的发展(promoting language development)。选项E中出现与此相关的信息，thisreciplrocal back-and-forth(双向)和give a chance to try out language，可见E正确。
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