首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Norms: Types and Acceptance Sociologists find that to understand a culture, it is very important to understand its norms. Ⅰ.
Norms: Types and Acceptance Sociologists find that to understand a culture, it is very important to understand its norms. Ⅰ.
admin
2013-03-19
52
问题
Norms: Types and Acceptance
Sociologists find that to understand a culture, it is very important to understand its norms.
Ⅰ. Definition of "Norms"
They are the 1 standards of behaviour maintained by a society. 【1】______.
Ⅱ. Types of Norms
Norms are distinguished in two ways:
A. Formal and informal norms
Formal norms are generally 2 and involve strict rules for punishment of violators.【2】______.
One example is laws.
Informal norms are generally 3 but are not precisely recorded. 【3】______.
Standards of proper dress are an example.
B. Mores and folkways
Mores embody the most valuable 4 of a people and are regarded highly necessary【4】______.
to the welfare of a society.
Examples are mores against 5 and treason. 【5】______.
Folkways govern 6 and the violation cause relatively little concern. 【6】______.
They are important in shaping people’s daily behaviour.
Ⅲ. Acceptance of Norms
People in a culture normally follow its norms, hut they are not followed in all situations.
A. In some cases, people evade a weakly-enforced norm.
7 is an example 【7】______.
B. In some instances norms are violated because one norm 8 with another. 【8】______.
For example, your intervening of your neighbour’s improper behaviour.
C. Any norm has 9 . 【9】______.
Eaves-dropping and self-defence are examples.
D. Acceptance of norms is subjected to 10 . 【10】______.
Women’s role is an example.
【2】
Norms: Types and Acceptance
Good afternoon, everybody. Today we’ll go on with our discussion about "Elements of Culture". We have talked about the element of language, which is viewed by sociologists as the foundation of every culture. Now let’s look at the second element--nom.
What are norms? Norms can be defined as the established standards of behaviour maintained by a society. Well, you know, all societies have ways of encouraging and enforcing what they view as appropriate behaviour while discouraging and punishing what they consider to be improper conducts. For example, respect for older people is a norm found in China. "Put on some dean clothes for dinner" is a norm followed in America. Bowing deeply to each other when meeting and saying good-bye to people is a norm practised in Japan. These are all norms.
In order for a norm to become significant, it must be widely shared and understood. For example, when we go to the movies, we typically expect that people will be quiet while the film is showing. Because of this norm, if a member of the audience talks loudly, he may be asked to lower his voice. And when we go to school or go to work, we are expected to be punctual. If someone is late, he or she may feel uneasy and should say sorry to others.
Now we’ll have a look at the types of norms. Sociologists distinguish norms in two ways. First, norms can be classified as formal and informal. Formal norms have generally been written down and involve strict rules for punishment of violators. Laws are an example of formal norms, because in a political sense, the law is the body of rules, made by government for society, interpreted by the courts, and backed by the state. Besides, the re- quirements for a college major and rules of a card game are also formal norms.
By contrast, informal norms are generally understood but are not precisely recorded. Standards of proper dress are a common example of informal norms. Our society has no specific punishment or sanction if a student comes to college dressed quite differently from everyone else. The most likely response is that he or she might be made fun of by other students for his or her unusual choice of clothing.
Second, norms are also classified by their relative importance to society. When classified this way, they are known as mores and folkways. Mores are norms that are regarded highly necessary to the welfare of a society, often because they embody the most valuable principles of a people. Each society demands obedience to its mores, and violation can lead to severe penalties. For example, our society has strong mores against murder and treason.
Folkways are norms governing everyday behaviour whose violation raised relatively little concern. For ex ample, walking up a "down" escalator in a department store challenges our standards of appropriate behaviour, hut it will not result in a fine or a jail sentence. Folkways play an important role in shaping the daffy behaviour of members of a culture.
OK, how do people accept norms? Now we’ll talk about the acceptance of norms. First, norms, whether mores or folkways, are not followed in all situations. In some cases, people evade a norm because they know it is weakly enforced. For example, although smoking in public is forbidden, we often find people smoking in buses or other public places.
Second, norms are violated in some instances because one norm conflicts with another. For example, suppose you live in an apartment building and one night you hear the screams of the woman next door. She is being beaten by her husband. If you decided to intervene by calling the police, you are violating the norm of "mind your own business" or "don’t interfere with other family’s business", while at the same time you are following the norm of assisting a victim of violence.
Then, even when norms do not conflict, there are always exceptions to any norm. The same action, under different circumstances, can cause one to be viewed either as a hero or as a villain. For example, Eaves-drop- ping on telephone conversation is normally considered illegal or mean, but it can be done by the police to obtain valid evidence for a criminal trial. Even killing another human being is tolerated as a form of self-defence and is actually rewarded in warfare.
Acceptance of norms is also subjected to change, as the political, economic, and social conditions of a culture is transformed. For example, under traditional norms, a woman was expected to marry, rear children, and remain at home if her husband could support the family. However, these norms have been changing in recent decades, and more and more women are ready to or encouraged to have her own career and support the family together with her husband. As support for traditional norms weakens, people will feel free to violate them more frequently and openly and will be less likely to receive serious negative sanctions for doing so.
Well, time is almost up for today’s lecture. To sum up, norms are established standards of behaviour maintained by a society. They are distinguished in two ways, that is, formal or informal norms according to their formality, and mores and folkways according to their relative importance to society. People in a culture normally follow its norms, but acceptance of norms differs in different situations and social conditions. Next time we’ll go on with other elements of culture, sanctions and values. See you then.
选项
答案
written down
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Vo4O777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Outside,theraincontinuedtorundownthescreenedwindowsofMrs.Sennett’slittleCapeCodcottage.Thelongweedsandgrass
Outside,theraincontinuedtorundownthescreenedwindowsofMrs.Sennett’slittleCapeCodcottage.Thelongweedsandgrass
Outside,theraincontinuedtorundownthescreenedwindowsofMrs.Sennett’slittleCapeCodcottage.Thelongweedsandgrass
TheImportanceofQuestionsFornon-nativespeakersofEnglishwhowanttoparticipateingroupdiscussions,itisimportant
ChildrenintheUKarenotreadingenoughathome,favouringtelevisionandcomputergamesinstead,accordingtonewresearch.
AlanTuringandComputerscienceComputerplaysveryimportantroleintoday’sworld,whichistheresultofmanyresearchers
InBritain,ageneralelectiontakesplaceatleastevery______years.
______isthenation’sleadingcenterofheavyindustry.
BritainisamemberoftheEuropeanUnion,whichwaspreviouslycalled______and
随机试题
男性,44岁。发热、畏寒、全身酸痛l周,按感冒治疗,体温未退反有升高,2天来牙龈出血,皮肤瘀点住院。体检:体温40℃,两肺听诊(一),脾肋下2cm,胸骨有压痛。化验:Hb68g/L,WBC46.3×109/L,PLT36×109/L,骨髓检查证实
胆总管探查术后,拔除T形管的时间至少术后()。
某研究者拟采用多中心、随机、双盲临床试验评价补肾活血颗粒改善帕金森病患者运动功能的有效性,试验组使用的中药配方包括山茱萸、何首乌和当归等成分。对照组用药由淀粉、糊精和苦味剂等成分制成,其气味、口感与试验用药非常近似,但没有药理作用。该试验采用的对照属于(
某项目定额工期为150天,合同工期为120天,该工程直接工程费700万元,其中人工费100万元,该工程的平均日工资单价为50元,每工日夜间施工费开支30元,则该工程的夜间施工费为()万元。
下列关于机会成本的说法错误的是()。
银行自身能力分析包括()。
甲企业某年的财务杠杆系数为2.5,普通股每股收益的增长率为10%,上年的息税前利润为100万元,则该年息税前利润为()万元。
在微信息时代下,我们接收的信息大多是根据自己的兴趣搜集而来,我们眼中的世界也越发带有自身个性的____________,这也致使我们与他人对于一些事物的理解会出现很大偏差,相互之间更难融人对方的世界。所以,这一时代的人们更容易产生____________。
拾得遗失物的构成条件包括()。
Completetheformbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.RegistrationformExampleAns
最新回复
(
0
)