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  3. When a group of Australians was asked why they believed climate change was not happening, about 36％ said it was "common sense",

When a group of Australians was asked why they believed climate change was not happening, about 36％ said it was "common sense",

admin2022-09-05  31
问题     When a group of Australians was asked why they believed climate change was not happening, about 36％ said it was "common sense", according to a report published last year by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. This was the most popular reason for their opinion, with only 11％ saying their belief that climate change was not happening was based on scientific research.
    But what do we mean by an appeal to common sense? Presumably it’s an appeal to rationality of some sort that forms the basis of more complex reasoning. The appeal to common sense, however, is usually nothing more than an appeal to thinking that just feels right, but what feels right to one person may not feel right to another. Whether it feels right is usually a reflection of the world view and ideologies we have internalised, and that frames how we interact with new ideas. When new ideas are in accord with what we already believe, they are more readily accepted. When they are not, they, and the arguments that lead to them, are more readily rejected.
    We often mistake this automatic compatibility testing of new ideas with existing beliefs as an application of common sense, but, in reality, it is more about judging than thinking. As Nobelist Daniel Kahneman notes in Thinking, Fast and Slow, when we arrive at conclusions in this way, the outcomes also feel true, regardless of whether they are. We are not psychologically well equipped to judge our own thinking.
    We are also highly susceptible to a range of cognitive biases such as giving preference to the first things that come to mind when making decisions or giving weight to evidence.
    One way we can check our internal biases and inconsistencies is through the social verification of knowledge, in which we test our ideas in a rigorous and systematic way to see if they make sense not just to us, but to other people. The outstanding example of this socially shared cognition is science.
    That does not mean that individuals are not capable of excellent thinking, nor does it mean no individual is rational. But the extent to which individuals can do this on their own is a function of how well integrated they are with communities of systematic inquiry in the first place. You can’t learn to think well by yourself.
    In matters of science at least, those who value their common sense over methodological, collaborative investigation imagine themselves to be more free in their thinking, unbound by involvement with the group, but in reality they are tightly bound by their capabilities and perspectives. We are smarter together than we are individually, and perhaps that’s just common sense.
What can we do to be less susceptible to cognitive biases?
选项 A、Give equal weight to evidence of both sides in a conflict.
B、Provide convincing examples in developing an argument.
C、Establish socially shared cognition via scientific methods.
D、Avoid inconsistencies when addressing controversial issues.
答案C
解析 由题干中的susceptible 和cognitive biases定位到第四段并读至第五段。事实细节题。文章第五段提到，对知识进行社会验证是我们可以检查自己内在偏见和不一致的一个方法，科学是这种社会共享认知的范例，说明要通过科学方法来建立社会共享的认知，故答案为C。文章第四段中提到giving weight to evidence，但这里指的是在做决定或权衡证据的分量时会优先考虑首先想到的事情，是针对我们的认知偏见而举的例子，文中并未提及冲突中对双方证据的态度，故排除A项；文章第二段最后一句提到了“论点”一词，但文章内容是说新思想若与人们原有的信念不一致，则这种思想和支持它的论点也会被拒绝，文中并未提及"提出论点"之事，故排除B；同理，D项中的inconsistencies"前后矛盾/不一致"一词虽在文中出现过，但文中意在指出“为避免不一致，可采用知识的社会验证”，并未提及“处理有争议的问题”之事，故排除D。
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