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  3. In contrast to traditional analyses of minority business, the sociological analysis contends that minority business ownership is

In contrast to traditional analyses of minority business, the sociological analysis contends that minority business ownership is

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问题     In contrast to traditional analyses of minority business, the sociological analysis contends that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, in that it is largely dependent upon social-group resources for its development. Specifically, this analysis indicates that support networks play a critical role in starting and maintaining minority busi- ness enterprises by providing owners with a range of assistance, from the informal encouragement of family members and friends to dependable sources of labor and clientele from the owner’s ethnic group. Such self-help networks, which encourage and support ethnic minority entrepreneurs, consist of "primary" institutions, those closest to the individual in shaping his or her behavior and beliefs. They are characterized by the face-to-face association and cooperation of persons united by ties of mutual concern. They form an intermediate social level between the individual and larger "secondary" institutions based on impersonal relationships. Primary institutions comprising the support network include kinship, peer,and neighborhood or community subgroups.  A major function of self-help networks is financial support. Most scholars agree that minority business owners have depended primarily on family funds and ethnic community resources for in- vestment capital. Personal savings have been accumulated, often through frugal living habits that require sacrifices by the entire family and are thus a product of long-term family financial behavior. Additional loans and gifts from relatives, forthcoming because of group obligation rather than narrow investment calculation, have supplemented personal savings. Individual entre- preneurs do not necessarily rely on their kin because they cannot obtain financial backing from commercial resources. They may actually avoid banks because they assume that commercial institutions either cannot comprehend the special needs of minority enterprise or charge unreasonably high interest rates.
    Within the larger ethnic community, rotating credit associations have been used to raise capital. These associations are informal clubs of friends and other trusted members of the ethnic group who make regular contributions to a fund that is given to each contributor in rotation. One author estimates that 40 percent of New York Chinatown firms established during 1900-1950 utilized such associations as their initial source of capital. However, recent im- migrants and third or fourth generations of older groups now employ rotating credit associations only occasionally to raise investment funds. Some groups, like Black Americans, found other means of financial support for their entrepreneurial efforts. The first Black-operated banks were created in the late nineteenth century as depositories for dues collected from fraternal or lodge groups, which themselves had sprung from Black churches. Black banks made limited investments in other Black enterprises. Irish immigrants in American cities organized many building and loan associations to provide capital for home construction and purchase. They in turn, provided work for many Irish home-building contractor firms. Other ethnic and minority groups followed similar practices in founding ethnic-directed financial institutions.
The passage best supports which of the following statements?
选项 A、A minority entrepreneur who had no assistance from family members would not be able to start a business.
B、Self-help networks have been effective in helping entrepreneurs primarily in the last 50 years.
C、Minority groups have developed a range of alternatives to standard financing of business ventures.
D、The financial institutions founded by various ethnic groups owe their success to their unique formal organization.
E、Successful minority-owned businesses succeed primarily because of the personal strengths of their founders.
答案C
解析 哪个理论被原文支持?A．少数民族企业如果不能得到家庭成员的帮助将无法启动其生意。不对，家庭成员的帮助，只是文中可资利用的几种方式中的一种。B．互助网主要是近50年在帮助少数民族方面起了作用。见原文L62提出的反例。C．正确。少数民族组织发展一系列替代形式来承担投资风险。文章第二段、第三段都在论述此内容。D．“unique formal organization”文中未提。E．成功的少数民族企业主要靠其创建者的个人力量。正相反，文中强调的是团体力量的互助。
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