首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural value
Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural value
admin
2017-04-21
83
问题
Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural values. In all cultures, parents must teach their children to avoid danger and to observe the community’s moral precepts. Adults also condition each other’s observance of social norms, using methods ranging from mild forms of censure, such as looking away when someone makes an inappropriate remark, to imprisoning or executing individuals for behavior considered deviant or dangerous. The caning of American teenager Michael Fay in Singapore for vandalism in 1994 brought wide media attention to cultural differences in the application of punishment. Faced with increasing violence at home, many Americans endorsed Singapore’s use of corporal punishment’ to maintain social order. Was Fay’s punishment effective? Whether he subsequently avoids vandalism is unknown, but the punishment did apparently lead to his avoidance of Singapore — which he left promptly.
The operant techniques societies use to maintain social control vary in part with the dangers and threats that confront them. The Gusii of Kenya, with a history of tribal warfare, face threats not only from outsiders but also from natural forces, including wild animals. Gusii parents tend to rely more on punishment and fear than on rewards in conditioning appropriate social behavior in their children. Caning, food deprivation, and withdrawing shelter and protection are common forms of punishment.
In contrast, the Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca, Mexico, are a highly cohesive community, with little internal conflict, and social norms that encourage cooperation. Their social patterns appear adaptive, for the Mixtecans are dominated by the nearby Spanish Mexicans, who control the official government and many economic resources in their region. The Mixtecans do not generally impose fines or jail sentences or use physical punishment to deter aggression in either adults or children. Rather, they tend to rely on soothing persuasion. Social ostracism is the most feared punishment, and social ties within the community are very strong, so responses that reinforce these ties are effective in maintaining social order.
In the United States, fear of social ostracism or stigma was once a more powerful force in maintaining control over antisocial behavior, especially in small communities. Today, even imprisonment does not appear to be an adequate deterrent to many forms of crime, especially violent crime. Although one reason is the inconsistent application of punishment, another may be the fact that imprisonment no longer carries the intense stigma it once had, so that prison is no longer as an effective punishment.
According to the passage, what is a universal cultural norm in maintaining social order?
选项
A、Children must be obedient to their parents.
B、People must publicly complain when someone misbehaves.
C、People should do their parts to ensure that others comply with social rules.
D、People should publicly humiliate the wrongdoers.
答案
C
解析
答案在文章第1段中,各个文化具有的相同点是:父母教育孩子要远离危险,并遵循该文化的道德传统。此外,“Adults also condition each other’s observance of social norms,using methods ranging from…”成人之间也用不同的方式监督彼此是否遵守社会准则。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/W39d777K
本试题收录于:
BFT阅读题库国际化人才外语考试(BFT)分类
0
BFT阅读
国际化人才外语考试(BFT)
相关试题推荐
Youhaveapart-timejobinabookshop.Themanagerwantstomaketheshopmorepopularwithyoungpeopleandasksyoutowrite
Youhaveapart-timejobinabookshop.Themanagerwantstomaketheshopmorepopularamongyoungpeopleandasksyoutowrite
YougotaletterfromProfessorLiWeiofWashingtonUniversity.
ReadthefollowingpassageandchoosethecorrectanswerfromA,B,CandD.Moreandmore,theoperationofourbusinesses,
Whilestillinitsearlystages,welfarereformhasalreadybeenjudgedagreatsuccessinmanystates,atleastUNisgettingp
Shootingmoltenrockmorethan500metersintotheair,Etnasentstreamsoflavarushingdownitsnortheasternandsouthernfla
1.ItisbecauseofhisplaysthatShakespeareisnowconsideredthegreatestEnglishwriterinhistory.Theerainwhichheliv
1.ItisbecauseofhisplaysthatShakespeareisnowconsideredthegreatestEnglishwriterinhistory.Theerainwhichheliv
1.Thefilmisnotwithoutitsdrawbacks.Disappointment,failure,selfdoubt,regretsoveropportunities,missedormisusedthe
随机试题
律师和律师事务所在与司法机关及司法人员接触中,不得采用下列哪些不正当手段与同行进行业务竞争?()
计划的灵动性与因意外事件引起损失的可能性的关系是________。
A.机械性肠梗阻B.阿托品中毒C.青光眼D.重症肌无力E.阵发性室上性心动过速
散光眼产生的主要原因是
肾小球通透性增加时产生的蛋白尿为
DNA的复制过程是一个高度忠实的过程,一系列的措施确保母代将遗传信息准确的传递给子代,除严格的碱基互补原则,DNA聚合酶的校读功能外,机体还会对发生损伤的DNA进行修复,下列不属于DNA的修复的过程是
下列关于税务登记的说法中,错误的有()。
新课程改革用_____________代替了教学大纲。
许某(男,13岁,初二学生)一直梦想能自己开摩托车兜风。某日,许某看见邻居张某新买的摩托车停在小区院内,就产生了试一试的念头。于是许某来到张某家中假装找其儿子玩,趁其家人不注意,将钥匙偷出,并将摩托车推出小区。但许某此前从未开过摩托车,骑上车试了不到一百米
严肃与谨慎相结合政策的总精神就是()。
最新回复
(
0
)