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  3. Neurologists tend to divide the experience of love into three distinct categories: attraction, lust and attachment. The combinat

Neurologists tend to divide the experience of love into three distinct categories: attraction, lust and attachment. The combinat

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问题     Neurologists tend to divide the experience of love into three distinct categories: attraction, lust and attachment. The combination of all three can make for an intoxicating and lasting bond, but they are not always experienced together. Frequently, for example, we lust after those with whom we have no desire of having a long-term relationship; at other times, we feel ’attached’ to people in the sense of being drawn to them emotionally or spiritually, but not drawn to them physically. It is accurate to describe these as  ’stages’ of love—lust tends to come first, then attraction, which lasts for months or years, and finally attachment, which can keep people together for decades. These are separate chemical substrates, so they can overlap; however, evidence suggests that attraction has a limited lifespan.
    Lust is typically experienced soon after puberty. This is when estrogen and testosterone—the underlying chemical substrates for lust in women and men respectively--activate themselves in our bodies for the first time. The primary purpose of lust is believed to be procreation, and the experience is one of feeling physically drawn, or even ’pulled’ towards another person. Pheromones, physical attractiveness and our socialized predispositions for what we seek in a mate are the factors that activate the sensation of lust. Despite the strength it can have over our psyche, lust on its own is a very fleeting experience. It can firmly steer people together for their initial encounters, but it has no power to keep them there.
    If the relationship is to last, something called attraction must take place. Attraction is the intoxicating sensation experienced in the initial period of knowing someone. The ’symptoms’ include dizziness, flushed skin, and a loss of appetite and sleep. These are a result of a chemical cocktail of dopamine and nor epinephrine that PEA—a transmitter chemical—unleashes into the bloodstream when attraction takes place. Dopamine is responsible for the blissful feelings of self-confidence, joy and motivation that new love brings about; nor epinephrine, similar to adrenaline, brings about palpitations and anxiety. Attraction has more staying power than lust; while its intensity fades after a few weeks, the effect of the PEA transmission can continue for some time between eighteen months and four years. After that, our bodies build up a natural tolerance.
    At this stage, a transition to a phase called attachment can occur. The ’rush’ of attraction is replaced by endorphins like oxytocin and vasopressin that feel like a gentle, warm sort of pleasantness—a safe feeling that calms the mind, numbs pain and soothes anxiety. This is a much more pleasant feeling in which to spend an extended period of time--potentially, forty, fifty or more years, depending on when you meet your partner. It allows you to live your life with someone, without their being the central obsession of your life. Unfortunately, there is no guarantee that PEA transmission will evolve into the endorphin stage—in many instances, it will be replaced by a feeling of emptiness and dissatisfaction. It is not a coincidence that peak divorce rates occur at between four and seven years, as PEA transmission wears away and attachment does not materialize in many people’s brains.
    Even neurologists agree that chemistry isn’t everything. There are numerous other factors such as culture and personality, for which science may never have an explanation. While dopamine is bliss, however, ignorance is not—neurology has much to contribute to satisfaction in our personal lives. It may not be a good idea to commit to marriage or spending the rest of your life with someone if you still feel the blissful rush of PEA transmission, for example. Once your brain has succumbed to the warming opiates of oxytocin and vasopressin, this will be a safer commitment. Attachment brings other needs to the foreground, however; while people enjoy the security that attachment brings about, they do not lose their desires for either lust or attraction. Losing the ability to give your partner the rush of PEA transmission, while knowing that he may feel this for other people, can bring about jealousy and anxiety in people. Acknowledging and discussing these insecurities can alleviate them as it is likely that, to some extent, both partners will be feeling them.
Questions 27-33
    Complete the notes below.
    Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
    Write your answers in boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet.
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答案procreation
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