首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientists have devoted lifetimes studying the drives that s
The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientists have devoted lifetimes studying the drives that s
admin
2018-08-25
25
问题
The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientists have devoted lifetimes studying the drives that spur us out of bed in the morning, compel us to work or study hard and spark all manner of human endeavors. Indeed, a 1992 textbook actually documents 32 distinct theories of human motivation.
Given this diversity of thought, it’s easy to forget that for half a century, American society has been dominated by the psychological school known as behaviorism, or Skinnerian psychology. Although behaviorism and its fundamental principle of "positive reinforcement" have long since lost their sway in academic circles, the Skinnerian legacy remains powerful in every realm of daily life, from the home and classroom to the workplace. Don’t want to take the trash out? Do it, and you can go to the movies Friday night. Not in the mood for work? Keep plugging away, and you might get a bonus. Not interested in calculus? Strive for an A in the class, and you’ll make the honor roll. The theory may be bankrupt, but incentives and rewards are so much a part of American culture that it’s hard to imagine life without them.
Yet that’s exactly what a growing group of researchers are advocating today. A steady stream of research has found that rather than encouraging motivation and productivity, rewards actually can undermine genuine interest and diminish performance. "Our society is caught in a whopping paradox," asserts Alfie Kohn, author of the new book Punished by Rewards(Houghton Mifflin), which surveys recent research on the effectiveness of rewards. "We complain loudly about declining productivity, the crisis of our school and the distorted values of our children. But the very strategy we use to solve those problems—dangling rewards like incentive plans and grade and candy bars in front of people—is partly responsible for the fix we’re in."
It’s tough argument to make in a culture that celebrates the spoils of success. Yet study after study shows that people tend to perform worse, to give up more easily and to lose interest more quickly when a reward is involved. Children who are given treats for doing artwork, for example, lose their initial love of art within weeks. Teenagers who are promised a reward for tutoring youngsters don’t teach as enthusiastically as tutors offered nothing. And chief executive officers who have been awarded long-term incentive plans have often steered their companies toward lower returns.
According to behaviorism, all human actions _____.
选项
A、are based on stimulus and response
B、have no bearing on human drives
C、are supposed to be highly motivated
D、are of a great mystery
答案
A
解析
第2段第2句提到行为主义的根本理论是正面性强化理论,随后举例说明要对人的行为进行刺激,A是正确的。根据第2段首句的this diversity of thought(即第1段末提到的theories of human motivation),it’s easy to forget…可知“动机理论”与下文讲到的行为主义的正面性强化理论是不一样的理论,故C不正确。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/WFH7777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
Educationinmostofthedevelopingworldisshocking.HalfofchildreninSouthAsiaandathirdofthoseinAfricawhocomplet
Ifyoudidn’tknowanybetter,youmightthinkthatStar,Snuppy,CCandANDiwerejustabunchofinterestingnames.You’donly
Oncetheydecidedtohavechildren,MiShelandCarlMeissnertackledthenextbigissue:Shouldtheytrytohaveagirl?Itwas
5WeekstoaStress-FreeLife[A]Whowillyoubethisyear?Willyoubeabetter,wiserversionofyourselfbythetimethe
TradingModernistforMcmansion[A]In1949W.ClintonBackusandhiswifehireda43-year-olddesignernamedGretaMagnusson
OfthemanyfactorsthatcontributetopoorperformanceonstandardizedtestsliketheSAT,nervesand【C1】______,surprisingly,
OfthemanyfactorsthatcontributetopoorperformanceonstandardizedtestsliketheSAT,nervesand【C1】______,surprisingly,
Takingchargeofyourselfinvolvesputtingtorestsomeveryprevalentmyths.Atthetopofthelististhenotionthatintellig
Judgingfromrecentsurveys,mostexpertsinsleepbehavioragreethatthereisvirtuallyanepidemicofsleepinessinthenatio
TradingModernistforMcmansion[A]In1949W.ClintonBackusandhiswifehireda43-year-olddesignernamedGretaMagnussonGr
随机试题
“效价测定”是指用何种方法测定药物的含量
A.嗜酒之人,酒气熏蒸,复感风寒之邪,阻于肌肤B.风热之邪外袭,郁久则血燥,血虚则生风,风燥热邪蕴阻肌肤,肌肤失于濡养C.情志抑郁化火,损耗阴血,血热生风,风热上窜D.肝肾亏损,阴血不足,不能化生经血,毛根空虚E.过食辛辣肥甘之品,肺胃积热,循经上
气弱血虚,脉结代,心动悸,舌淡苔少,治宜选用
设f’(lnx)=1+x,则f(x)等于:
已知D是由圆周x2+y2=4所围成的闭区域,则ex2+y2dσ=()。
满足下列哪些条件之一的,应当划分为交易性金融资产()。
国际奥委会3月14日在其官网上宣布,中国、波兰、()、哈萨克斯坦和乌克兰5个国家正式申办2022年冬奥会。
认知功能的老化与视、听觉的严重衰退关系密切。持这种观点的理论是()。(2009年)
利用游标机制可以实现对查询结果集的逐行操作。下列关于SQLServer2008中游标的说法中,错误的是()。
Ifyouareahighschoolstudentthatthinkingaboutcollege,【S1】______butconsiderthis:Someonewithabachelor’
最新回复
(
0
)