2. 外语
  3. For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures— learn to do things because certain acts lead to

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures— learn to do things because certain acts lead to

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问题     For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures— learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
    It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
    Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s response in situation where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights—and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
    Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
According to the author, babies learn to do things which______.
选项 A、are directly related to pleasure
B、will meet their physical needs
C、will bring them a feeling of success
D、will satisfy their curiosity
答案C
解析 根据文中第二段的“It is now clear that this is not so．Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome．”可知：如今已清楚，事实并非如此。婴儿学做某些动作，是因为这些动作在周围世界产生成功结果，而不只是带来奖励。据此可知，婴儿学会做事情会给他们带来成功的感觉。C项正确。
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