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  3. According to a scientific study published in April, 2015, birds have shown they can plan for a future state of mind. Hoardin

According to a scientific study published in April, 2015, birds have shown they can plan for a future state of mind. Hoardin

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问题     According to a scientific study published in April, 2015, birds have shown they can plan for a future state of mind.
    Hoarding【C1】________for future use is not unique to humans. Birds, squirrels and monkeys do it. But the ability to think not just about tomorrow, but to realize how tomorrow’s feelings might differ from today’s, was thought to be the【C2】________of people. This week researchers demonstrated that Western scrub-jays, a type of crow, can do it, too.
    The researchers, led by Nicky Clayton of the University of Cambridge, wanted to test an idea proposed by Wolfgang Kohler, Norbert Bischof and Doris Bischof Kohler, three German psychologists. The Bischof Kohler hypothesis says that only humans can mentally separate themselves from what they are experiencing to     【C3】________how they might feel about future events.
    To test whether this is so, Dr.   Clayton and her colleagues sought to tease apart scrub-jays’【C4】________desires from their planning for future needs. They let the birds eat as much of one food as they wanted, exploiting a condition called specific satiety (饱足) —once the birds are full of one food, they show strong     【C5】________for something different. They then offered the birds that same food or a second one to store for later.
    【C6】________the scrub-jays behaved as predicted, choosing to stow away the second food, which they had not just eaten. But minutes before allowing the birds to【C7】________their storage, the researchers fed the birds to satiety with that second food—the one they had already stored. The birds changed their hoarding preferences on the very next trial. Even though they had just had their fill of the first food, they still hoard it, presumably because they thought it would be their preferred choice later. The results are published in this week’s Current Biology.
    The finding matters because the birds seem to plan ahead for what they will want later, even though their choice conflicts with what they want now. It could prompt a【C8】________of how animals perceive the world around them. Without the benefit of【C9】________subjects who can explain their thinking? However, Dr. Clayton and her colleagues will have to develop even more cunning experiments to【C10】________complex mental processes from simple behavior.
    A) conceive        F) Incidentally   K) preference
    B) contend         G) infer          L) preserve
    C) experimental    H) Initially      M) provisions
    D) explicit        I) momentary      N) reassessment
    E) homogeneous     J) predecessor    O) recover
【C1】
选项
答案M
解析 名词辨析题。根据空格前的hoarding可知，空格处缺少名词作其宾语。空格前面的动名词hoarding“贮藏，囤积”可以与备选名词中的provisions“粮食，食物”搭配使用，再联系下文的“Birds，squirrels and monkeys do it．”可推知，动物也有为未来贮存食物的能力，故M)为正确答案。
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