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  3. Low wages, chronic unemployment and underemployment lead to low income, lack of property ownership, absence of savings, absence

Low wages, chronic unemployment and underemployment lead to low income, lack of property ownership, absence of savings, absence

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问题    Low wages, chronic unemployment and underemployment lead to low income, lack of property ownership, absence of savings, absence of food reserves in the home, and a chronic shortage of cash. These conditions reduce the possibility of effective participation in the larger economic system. As a response to these conditions, we find in the culture of poverty a high incidence of pawning personal goods, borrowing from local money-lenders at higher rates of interest, spontaneous informal credit devices organized by neighbors, the use of second-hand clothing and furniture, and the pattern of frequent buying of small quantities of food many times a day as the need arises.
   People with a culture of poverty produce very little wealth and receive very little in return. They have a low level of literacy and education, usually do not belong to labor unions, are not members of political parties, generally do not participate in the national welfare agencies, and make very little use of banks, hospitals, department stores, museums or art galleries. They have a critical attitude toward some of the basic institutions of the dominant classes, hatred of the police, mistrust of government and those in high position, and a cynicism which extends even to the church. This gives the culture of poverty a high potential for protest and for being used in political movements aimed against the existing social order.
   People with a culture of poverty are aware of middle-class values, talk about them and even claim some of them as their own, but on the whole, they do not live by them. Thus, it is important to distinguish between what they say and what they do. For example, many will tell you that marriage by law, by the church, or by both is the ideal form of marriage, but few will marry. To men who have no steady jobs or other sources of income, who do not own property and have no wealth to pass on to their children, who are present-time-oriented and who want to avoid the expense and legal difficulties involved in formal marriage and divorce, free unions or consensual marriages make a lot of sense. Women will often turn down offers of marriage because they feel it ties them down to men who are immature, punishing and generally unreliable. Women feel that consensual union gives them a better break; it gives them some of the freedom and flexibility that men have. By not giving the fathers of their children legal status as husbands, the women have a stronger claim on their children if they decide to leave their men. It also gives women exclusive rights to a house or any other property they may own.
The word "it" underlined in Paragraph 3 refers to______.
选项 A、proper break
B、legal status
C、illegal marriage
D、consensual union
答案D
解析    语篇衔接。It作为代词，经常起回指的作用。要清楚其所指内容，需要看它的结构并回读。本句的it紧跟动词gives，由此回读发现源头为“Women feel that consensual union gives them…it gives them…”因此，回指对象很明确为“consensual union”。【知识拓展】回指：一个词或短语在语篇中用来指同一语篇中的另一个词或短语的概念。回指可分为直接回指和间接回指。前者指回指语与先行语存在明显共指关系，后者指回指语与先行语之间的关系不明显，必须通过间接推理才能确立。回指的形式有零形回指(zero anaphora)、代词回指(pronoun anaphora)和名词回指(nominal anaphora)，本题属于代词回指。
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