2. 自考
  3. The Effects of Television on Children’s Social Relations TV presents the child with a distorted definition of reality. The c

The Effects of Television on Children’s Social Relations TV presents the child with a distorted definition of reality. The c

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问题                 The Effects of Television on Children’s Social Relations
    TV presents the child with a distorted definition of reality. The child in the affluent suburb or the small mid-western town exists within his own limited reality. His experience with social problems or people of different races, religions, or nationalities is probably somewhat limited. As television exposes him to a diversity of people and ideas, it surely expands the boundaries of his-reality. It is precisely because he now relies heavily on TV to define other realities for him that we must examine carefully what those images are. If they are inaccurate or distorted, then television’s reality is potentially harmful.
    TV distorts reality by selecting certain kinds of images and omitting others and by portraying people in a stereotyped way. It portrays some categories of people with beauty, power and importance and renders others weak, helpless or invisible. So serious is the relative invisibility of some groups on TV that Dr. George Gerbner of the Annenberg School of Communications contends, "If you’re not on TV, you don’t exist."
    The TV camera selects certain images to be examples, sometimes functioning like a magnifying glass held up to the worst in civilization instead of the best. When TV producers focus on violent ugliness, they lift it out and hold it up for all to see, making it impressively larger than life. A fist fight that occurs outside my window and is witnessed by only five people may be videotaped, broadcast and "witnessed" vicariously by millions of people, thus multiplying the example set by the fist fighters. In the United States, most people have not witnessed murder, yet because of television most children have seen hundreds of thousands of violent deaths and therefore believe that the world is more violent than it actually is.
    TV says, in effect: This is the way the world works. There are the rules. The images presented on TV tend to be exaggerated or glorified, and so believed and accepted as models to be copied. After TV heavily promoted Evel Knievel’s attempt to "fly" his motorcycle Over the Snake River, many children imitated his stunts with their bicycles on home made ramps. And many landed in hospitals.
    TV affects human relationships as well as behavior by influencing our feelings about ourselves and our expectations for ourselves and others. Too frequently stereotypes provide us with instant definitions. The stereotype assigns to an individual characteristics associated with a group that may or may not be accurate. We tend to note a single feature of a person and fill in the details from a storehouse of stereotypes.
    Via TV’s stereotypes we see men as strong and active, women pretty and at home. All too frequently, minorities are cast in exaggerated portrayals and stereotyped roles, more as white male producers perceive them than the way minority persons perceive them selves.
    Exposure to stereotyped presentations can easily influence viewers behavior toward unfamiliar people. TV images, in fact, teach values and behaviors, especially to children who have little firsthand knowledge of the real world. To the extent that children are exposed to certain characters portrayals and behaviors on TV, they may acquire or learn those behaviors and roles and eventually accept them as models for their own attitudes and actions.
    Perhaps most serious are the effects of information distortions on the child’s self-image. At some level we begin to judge our own meaning, dignity and worth in comparison with the TV characters who portray people like us. We should be fully aware that there inaccurate or distorted portrayal may be harmful to children’s growth.
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选项
答案I. Introduction: The presentation of distorted reality on TV A. Children’s limited experience B. Children’s heavy reliance on TV C. TV’s distorted reality D. Thesis: The reality as presented by TV is potentially harmful. II. Different ways of distorting reality A. Portrayal of stereotypes B. Selection of the undesirable III. TV’s strong effects A. Children’s imitation of stars, actions B. Inaccurate portrayal of unfamiliar people C. Children’s acceptance of TV images as models D. Harmful effects on the child’s self-image
解析     这是一篇关于电视对孩子与社会接触的影响的文章，要写出提纲，首先要了解文章各段所讲的内容和各段落之间的关系。
    第一段：主要讲电视会呈现给孩子歪曲的事实。一个居住在小镇的孩子，他了解现实的途径是有限的。他处理问题的社会经验或对其他种族、宗教、民族的了解也是有局限的。而电视将呈现给他形形色色的人和事，这必定扩大他的视野。由于孩子十分依赖电视来定义现实，所以我们有必要检查电视究竟怎样呈现世界。最后点明文章主旨：如果电视中的事实是歪曲的或不准确的，它们对孩子的成长有潜在的危害。
    (1)distorted definition of reality对现实的歪曲
    (2)expand the boundary扩大视野
    (3)rely on依赖于
    If they are inaccurate or distorted，then television’s reality is potentially harmful．
    如果电视中的事实是歪曲的或不准确的，它们对孩子的成长有潜在的危害。
    第二段：电视通过筛选影像，按一定成规塑造人物来歪曲事实。更严重的是，如果你不出现在电视上，你就不存在这个世界里。
    TV distorts reality by selecting certain kinds of images and omitting others and by portraying people in a stereotyped way
    电视通过筛选影像，按一定成规塑造人物来歪曲事实。
    第三段：摄像机选取特定的影像，有时会像放大镜那样展现文明中最坏的地方而非最好的。当制作人想集中体现暴力的丑陋时，他们会把暴力拿出来，高高举起给所有人看，使人们对其印象深刻，胜过对生活的了解。发生在我窗外的只有五个目击者的拳斗可能会被拍摄下来，被播出，让成千上万的人去见证。在美国，大多数人都没有见过谋杀，然而由于电视，大部分孩子看过暴力血腥的死亡场，而因此相信世界是暴力的。其实并非如此。
    (1)hold up举出，拿出；
    (2)witnessed by被见证，被目击
    The TV camera selects certain images to be examples，sometimes functioning like a magnifying glass held up to the worst in civilization instead of the best．
    摄像机选取特定的影像，有时会像放大镜那样展现文明中最坏的地方而非最好的。
第四段：实质上，电视就是在说：世界就是这样运作的。这种展现是有规定的。呈现在电视上的影像往往是夸张的或被美化了的，这样才能被相信并被接受来作为模仿的典范。在电视上大肆渲染了Evel Knievel的飞车越江表演后，许多孩子纷纷效仿，结果进了医院。
    promote提倡，渲染
    The images presented on TV tend to be exaggerated or glorified，and so believed and accepted as models to be copied．呈现在电视上的影像往往是夸张的或被修饰过的，这样才能被相信并被接受来作为模仿的典范。第五段：电视通过影响我们的自我感觉及我们对自我和他人的期望来影响人际关系和言行举止。成规的频繁出现给予我们“速成定义”。成规提供给个人的相关特征不一定全是准确的。我们倾向于只看到一个人的一个特点，然后用成规偏见来评价这个人。
    as well as和……一样
    第六段：通过电视的成规，我们看到男人是强壮活跃的；女人是美丽顾家的。常见的是，少数人被夸张地塑造成经典形象，更符合制片人心目中的形象，而非他们自己所理解的那样。
第七段：经典形象的呈现很容易影响观看者对陌生人的态度举止。
    电视形象，实际上教授了价值观和行为举止，特别是对那些还不太了解真实世界的孩子们。当孩子在电视上看到的特定人物的塑造和行为达到一定程度时，他们会学习并最终接受其成为他们自己生活态度和行动的模范。
    (1)firsthand knowledge第一手资料
    (2)acquire习得
    第八段：或许最严重的是歪曲信息对孩子自我认识的影响。在某种程度上，我们会和电视中的人物进行比较来判断我们生存的意义、尊严和价值。我们应该意识到不准确的人物塑造和歪曲的事实对孩子的成长是有害的。
    self-image自我认识
    通过上文的分析，我们可将全文分为三个层次。第一段是第一个层次。介绍电视呈现的是歪曲的现实。首先说孩子经验有限，然后说他们因此依赖于电视来了解世界。然后揭示了电视中的歪曲的现实。最后点明主旨：电视上呈现的现实是有潜在危害的。
    第二、三段是第二个层次，主要讲电视歪曲事实的不同方式。一是对经典形象的塑造，一是对不好事物的选取。
    第四至第八段是第三个层次，主要讲电视的影响。
    (1)孩子模仿明星的行为；
    (2)对于陌生人的错误判断；
    (3)孩子接受电视形象作为模范；
    (4)对孩子自我认识的危害。
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