首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The fascination with dreams has continued through the various phases of human history. There is reason to believe that the earli
The fascination with dreams has continued through the various phases of human history. There is reason to believe that the earli
admin
2013-01-20
57
问题
The fascination with dreams has continued through the various phases of human history. There is reason to believe that the earliest societies may have considered dreaming as a voyage of the soul, a separation but quite definite being of the person. This, indeed, is how many primitive societies think of dreams today. More advanced societies have often thought of dreams as containing messages from the gods. This was one of the views held in ancient Egypt and Greece. While sleep has been considered an appropriate object of scientific study, dreaming has usually been considered rather a subject for fairy-tales and legends, and a plaything for philosophers. Even when Europeans started making progress in the physical and biological sciences, they dismissed dreaming as a proper scientific object because dreams were chiefly incomprehensible products of an inefficient, poorly oxygenated brain. In the nineteenth century, however, at least some medical men and scientists took dreaming more seriously and noted that dreams were perhaps the psychoses of madness of the normal man, during which strange and usually hidden thoughts appeared. This was in a sense a rediscovery of an old idea, already mentioned in Republic. Freud accepted this idea, and used his insight into dreaming to propose a complete theoretical outline for the organization of thought, involving primary processes and secondary process thinking. Freud was so impressed with the possibilities offered by the study of dreams for understanding mental life that he spoke of the dream as royal road to the un conscious.
However, Freud and the psychiatrists who followed him considered dreaming from feeling and probably instantaneous phenomenon. The prevalent view was that either dreaming took place during the moment of awaking, or, on the other hand, that dreaming occurred constantly but was only very occasionally and haphazardly "sampled" by consciousness. In either ease, the various properties of dreaming were explained on the basis of the properties of the solid underlying state of sleep.
A great deal of recent work completely contradicts this formulation indicating that dreaming is associated with an entire biological state of its own, state in many ways as different from ordinary sleep as it is different from waking. This biological state, or the D-state, has been found to occur in all mammalian species studied, as well as in people. It occurs at times when the psychological experience of dreaming is unlikely; for instance, in the newborn child, and the newborn cat. Recently a new field of inquiry has been developed by Aserinksy, Kleitman and other workers in the physiological, biological, and chemical sciences. This new field is the biology of dreaming, which sometimes has a focus far removed from the psychology of the dream. Through modem scientists’ joint effort, mysteries of dreaming may soon be unlocked.
It can be inferred from the passage that the following events occurred the earliest is ______.
选项
A、the writing of Republic
B、Freud’ s study
C、the discovery of D-state
D、Aserinsky’ s research
答案
A
解析
从本文的叙述顺序上可知,Freud’s study和Republic是四者中较靠前的研究,通过第一段an old idea,already mentioned in Republic. Freud accepted this idea可知the writing of Republic发生在前。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/X02O777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
TestshaveconfirmedthatfourpeopleinWisconsincontractedthemonkeypoxvirusaftercomingintoclosecontactwithpetprair
Isitproperforthegovernmentto______publicopinionthroughself-serving,one-sidedjournalism?
Ourape-menforefathershadnoobviousnaturalweaponsinthestruggleforsurvivalintheopen.Theyhadneitherthepowerfult
OnereasonforthesuccessesofAsianimmigrantsintheU.S.isthattheyhavetakengreat______toeducatetheirchildren.
Theleadersofthetwocountriesareplanningtheirsummitmeetingwitha_____tomaintainanddevelopgoodties.
Malariaisaninfectiousparasiticdiseasethatcanbeeitheracuteorchronicandisfrequently____.
Aslongasherparentscanremember,13-year-oldKatieHarthasbeentalkingaboutgoingtocollege.Hermother,Tally,afinanc
Evenplantscanrunafever,especiallywhenthey’reunderattackbyinsectsordisease.Butunlikehumans,plantscanhavethei
Evenplantscanrunafever,especiallywhenthey’reunderattackbyinsectsordisease.Butunlikehumans,plantscanhavethei
Althoughhehaddonemanygreatthings,heneverfeltitnecessaryto_____hisachievements.
随机试题
学生在做题目2+3+4+5+6-7时,常常把“减7”算成“加7”,这是()。
胃癌不可能种植到
A.胃组织学检查B.快呋塞米素酶试验C.幽门螺杆菌培养D.尿素呼气试验E.血清学检查作为幽门螺杆菌根除治疗后复查的首选方法是
以下符合干酪性肺炎引起空洞的X线特点的是
胆道手术后“T”形管引流病人护理,下列哪项不正确( )。【历年考试真题】
A法院根据甲的申请向债务人乙发出支付令,随后A法院发现已生效的支付令确有错误需要撤销。则下列说法中正确的有:()
目前解决国际重复征税最有效的方法是()。
根据《旅游安全管理暂行办法》规定,发生旅游交通事故后,陪团导游应当实施的行为包括()。
Agreatmanycreatureshavewhatarecalledwarningcolours,thatistosay,thecolourationwarnseverycreaturethattheanima
对建立良好的程序设计风格,下面描述正确的是______。
最新回复
(
0
)