首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural value
Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural value
admin
2017-04-21
99
问题
Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural values. In all cultures, parents must teach their children to avoid danger and to observe the community’s moral precepts. Adults also condition each other’s observance of social norms, using methods ranging from mild forms of censure, such as looking away when someone makes an inappropriate remark, to imprisoning or executing individuals for behavior considered deviant or dangerous. The caning of American teenager Michael Fay in Singapore for vandalism in 1994 brought wide media attention to cultural differences in the application of punishment. Faced with increasing violence at home, many Americans endorsed Singapore’s use of corporal punishment’ to maintain social order. Was Fay’s punishment effective? Whether he subsequently avoids vandalism is unknown, but the punishment did apparently lead to his avoidance of Singapore — which he left promptly.
The operant techniques societies use to maintain social control vary in part with the dangers and threats that confront them. The Gusii of Kenya, with a history of tribal warfare, face threats not only from outsiders but also from natural forces, including wild animals. Gusii parents tend to rely more on punishment and fear than on rewards in conditioning appropriate social behavior in their children. Caning, food deprivation, and withdrawing shelter and protection are common forms of punishment.
In contrast, the Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca, Mexico, are a highly cohesive community, with little internal conflict, and social norms that encourage cooperation. Their social patterns appear adaptive, for the Mixtecans are dominated by the nearby Spanish Mexicans, who control the official government and many economic resources in their region. The Mixtecans do not generally impose fines or jail sentences or use physical punishment to deter aggression in either adults or children. Rather, they tend to rely on soothing persuasion. Social ostracism is the most feared punishment, and social ties within the community are very strong, so responses that reinforce these ties are effective in maintaining social order.
In the United States, fear of social ostracism or stigma was once a more powerful force in maintaining control over antisocial behavior, especially in small communities. Today, even imprisonment does not appear to be an adequate deterrent to many forms of crime, especially violent crime. Although one reason is the inconsistent application of punishment, another may be the fact that imprisonment no longer carries the intense stigma it once had, so that prison is no longer as an effective punishment.
What can be inferred from the Michael Fay case?
选项
A、Many Americans were opposed to the corporal punishment that Michael Fay received in Singapore.
B、The American media did not pay any attention to cultural differences until 1994.
C、The caning was effective because Michael Fay subsequently refrained from vandalism.
D、Michael Fay left Singapore immediately after the caning punishment.
答案
D
解析
文章第1段说:“many Americans endorsed Singapore’s use of corporal punishment to maintain social order.”(美国人认为新加坡实行体罚来维持社会秩序的做法是正确的。)所以A项是错误的。原文没有提到美国媒体直到1994年才开始关注文化差异,所以B项是错误的。原文并没有说受到鞭刑的Michael Fay从此不再破坏公物(Whether he subsequently avoids vandalism is unknown),所以C项不准确。只有D项是正确的,因为原文说Michael Fay受到鞭刑后马上离开了新加坡。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/X39d777K
本试题收录于:
BFT阅读题库国际化人才外语考试(BFT)分类
0
BFT阅读
国际化人才外语考试(BFT)
相关试题推荐
Writeaboutthefollowingtopic:Technologygivesyoungpeopletodayknowledgeandpowerthattheyhaveneverhadbefore.Th
HereisanadvertisementaboutaBusinessBookClub.JointheBusinessClub!Wewillsendyouanew
HereisanadvertisementaboutaBusinessBookClub.Readtheadvertisementandcompletethegiveninformationform.Wri
Readthefollowingtextanddecidewhichanswerbestfitseachspace.Forquestions26-45,markoneletterA,B,CorDony
Shootingmoltenrockmorethan500metersintotheair,Etnasentstreamsoflavarushingdownitsnortheasternandsouthernfla
Amulticulturalpersonissomeonewhoisdeeplyconvincedthatallculturesareequallygood.【R1】______Andmostlikelyhehasbe
Tradeiscentraltohumanhealth,prosperityandsocialwelfare.【R1】______Examplesoftradeindailylifearesoabundanttheys
1.Thefilmisnotwithoutitsdrawbacks.Disappointment,failure,selfdoubt,regretsoveropportunities,missedormisusedthe
1.Thefilmisnotwithoutitsdrawbacks.Disappointment,failure,selfdoubt,regretsoveropportunities,missedormisusedthe
TheplaceisalovelymeadowsurroundedbydeepwoodsonahilltopoverlookingabeautifullakeintheCatskillMountains120mi
随机试题
按照期望价值理论,为了调动职工积极性,必须处理好的关系是【】
通过cAMP-蛋白激酶:途径发挥作用的激素有
膀胱手术后病人的导尿管应
A、处理医疗事故工作B、首次医疗事故鉴定工作C、再次医疗事故鉴定工作D、申请再次鉴定E、医疗事故赔偿县(市)、区及地方医学会负责组织
2岁,男孩。在以肺炎住院期间,突然自觉呼吸困难,全身中毒症状加重,频繁咳嗽不止,血压正常。此患儿出现了哪个并发症
企业未使用银行汇票,要求银行退款时,应()。
在下列做法中,违反了《银行业从业人员职业操守》中保守商业秘密与客户隐私的原则的是()。
A公司是国内重型汽车行业的骨干企业,属于国家大型企业。公司始建于1968年,经过将近40年的发展,目前具有完整的产品设计、生产制造、检测调试和监测系统,产品覆盖军用越野车、重型载货车、客车专用地盘和高档客车三大类、15个系列、150多个品种。一、A公
2012年9月30日~10月7日中秋、国庆黄金周期间,全国纳入监测的119个直报景区点共接待游客3424.56万人次,同比增长20.96%;旅游收入17.65亿元,同比增长24.96%。9月29日至10月6日,民航全国累计发送55926班次,
有如下的程序段,其功能是将汉字信息“全国计算机等级考试”从屏幕底部移至顶部,请填空:SETTALKOFFSETSTATUSOFFx=”全国计算机等级考试”CLEARK=23D0WHILEK>0
最新回复
(
0
)