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  3. In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer — government or private — school have little or no impact on t

In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer — government or private — school have little or no impact on t

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问题     In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer — government or private — school have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However, if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus, one would expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on women’s earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchs’ results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employers would be 14. 6 percent employers, other things being equal.
    In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis, Brown selected a large sample of White male and female workers from the 1970 Census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed.(Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earning differentials that were the result of racial disparities.)Brown’s research design controlled for education, labor force participation, mobility, motivations, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the study’s results. Brown’s results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed.
    One can infer from Brown’s results that consumer discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.
    Brown’s results are clearly consistent with Fuchs’ argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact that women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discrimination is not having as much effect on women’s earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.
Which of the following titles best describe the content of the passage as a whole?
选项 A、The Necessity for Earnings Differentials in a Free Market Economy.
B、How Discrimination Affects Women’s Choice of Type of Employment?
C、The Relative Effect of Private Employer Discrimination on Men’s Earnings as Compared to Women’s Earnings.
D、The Relative Effect of Discrimination by Government Employers, Private Employers, and Consumers on Women’s Earnings.
答案D
解析 主旨题。从全文内容来看，本文阐述了政府雇主、私人雇主和消费者对妇女收入的影响。抓住原文首段第四句为主题句以及原文尾段尾句为全文的结论句，接着扫描第二段，首句为段落主题句，扫描第三段，抓住Brown’s results关键词。最后进行综合归纳，从选项中排除片面、笼统、杜撰的干扰项，选取一个最具概括力的选项。故答案为D。
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