首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Sociologists find it useful to distinguish between types of crime on a somewhat different basis. Rather than relying solely on l
Sociologists find it useful to distinguish between types of crime on a somewhat different basis. Rather than relying solely on l
admin
2010-06-18
54
问题
Sociologists find it useful to distinguish between types of crime on a somewhat different basis. Rather than relying solely on legal categories, sociologists classify crimes in terms of how they are committed and how the offenses are viewed by society.
Index Crimes The term "index crimes" refers to the eight types of crimes that are reported annually by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in its Uniform Crime Reports. This category of criminal behavior generally consists of those serious offenses that people think of when they express concern about the nation’s crime problem. Index crimes include murder, rape, robbery, and assault—all of which are violent crimes committed against people—as well as the property crimes of burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.
In the United States, many index crimes involve the use of firearms. According to the FBI, in the year 1986, 21 percent of all reported assaults, 34 percent of reported robberies, and 59 percent of reported murders involved the use of a firearm. More than 10,000 Americans die every year in accidents resulting from the improper use of a handgun. Since 1963, guns have killed approximately 400,000 Americans, a figure which exceeds the number of our troops who died in World War Ⅱ. While the general public has consistently favored gun control legislation in recent decades, the nation’s major anti-gun control lobby, the National Rifle Association (NRA), has wielded impressive power in blocking or diluting such measures.
Professional Crime Although the adage "crime doesn’t pay" is familiar, many people do make a career of illegal activities. A professional criminal is a person who pursues crime as a day-by-day occupation, developing skilled techniques and enjoying a certain degree of status among other criminals. Some professional criminals specialize in burglary, safecracking, hijacking of cargo, pickpocketing, and shoplifting. Such persons San reduce the likelihood of arrest, conviction, and imprisonment through their skill. As a result, they may have long careers in their chosen "professions."
Unlike the person who engages in crime only once or twice, professional thieves make business of stealing. These criminals devote their entire working time to planning and executing crimes and sometimes travel across the nation to pursue their "professional duties." Like persons in regular occupations, professional thieves consult with their colleagues concerning the demands of work, thus becoming part of a subculture of similarly occupied individuals. They exchange information on possible places to burglarize, outlets for unloading stolen goods, and ways of securing bail bonds if arrested.
Organized Crime The term "organized crime" has many meanings, as is evident from a 1978 government report that uses three pages to describe the term. For our purposes, we will consider organized crime to be the work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises involved in narcotics wholesaling, prostitution, gambling, and other activities. Organized crime dominates the world of illegal business just as large corporations dominate the conventional business world. It allocates territory, sets prices for illegal goods and services, and acts as an arbitrator in internal disputes.
Organized crime is a secret, conspiratorial activity that generally evades law enforcement. Although precise information is lacking, a presidential commission estimated that organized crime operates in 80 percent of all cities with more than 1 million residents. Organized crime takes over legitimate businesses, gains influence over labor unions, corrupts public officials, intimidates witnesses in criminal trials, and even "taxes" merchants in exchange for "protection."
White-collar Crime More recently, the term "white-collar crime" has been broadened to include offenses by businesses and corporations as well as by individuals. A wide variety of offenses are now classified as white-collar crimes, such as income tax evasion, stock manipulation, consumer fraud, bribery and extraction of "kickbacks."
A new type of white-collar crime has emerged: computer crime. The use of such "high technology" allows one to carry out electronic fraud without leaving a trace, or ro gain access to a company’s inventory without leaving one’s home. An adept programmer can gain access to a firm’ s computer by telephone and then copy valuable files. It is virtually impossible to track such persons unless they are foolish enough to call from the same phone each time.
In addition to the financial costs of this form of crime, which run into billions of dollars per year, white-collar crime has distinctive social costs, including a decline in the quality of life and a weakening of the social order. If those at the top of the nation’ s economic and social structure feel free to violate the law, less privileged citizens can certainly be expected to follow suit. Given the economic and social costs of white-collar crime, one might expect this problem to be taken, quite seriously by the criminal justice system of the United States. Yet white-collar offenders are more likely to receive fines than prison sentences.
Victimless Crimes In white-collar or index crimes, people’s economic or personal well-being is endangered against their will (or without their direct knowledge). By contrast, sociologists use the term "victimless crimes" to describe the willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services. Despite the social costs to families and friends of persons engaged in such behavior, many Americans continue to view gambling, prostitution, public drunkenness, and use of marijuana as victimless crimes in which there is no "victim" other than the offender. As a result, there has been pressure from some groups to decriminalize various activities which fall into the category of victimless crimes.
According to the passage, prostitution falls into the category of______.
选项
A、index crime
B、professional crime
C、white-collar crime
D、victimless crime
答案
D
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/XLlO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
ThewelfareofchildrenisapriorityfortheUN.In【B1】______Europeand【B2】______Asiatheresearchisfocussingonthosekept
ThewelfareofchildrenisapriorityfortheUN.In【B1】______Europeand【B2】______Asiatheresearchisfocussingonthosekept
ThewelfareofchildrenisapriorityfortheUN.In【B1】______Europeand【B2】______Asiatheresearchisfocussingonthosekept
PROJECTMANAGERAGRICULTURALREHABILITATIONPROJECT,NORTHERNETHIOPIASCFstartedworkinEthiopiain1973withanemergenc
Chileisdisadvantagedinthepromotionofitstourismby______.TheobjectiontothedevelopmentofChile’stourismmightbe
Cultureshockisapainfulexperiencewegothroughwhenweencountermanynewthingsinanothercountryandwe【1】______insom
Sincehisarrestbyhisownformerpoliceforce,ex-SerbianandYugoslavpresidentSlobodanMilosevichasgonepublicwitharev
Thenaturalenvironmenthas,ofcourse,alwaysconditionedtechnology.Forexample,thenatureofanenvironment(polar,desert,
A、Thelaboratorywasclosed.B、Thegeneratorwasturnedoff.C、Thepowergeneratormightexplode.D、Electricitywasgoingtorun
A、Sharon’sgovernmentaimedatalleviatinginternationalpressureonIsraelB、Sharon’sgovernmentfeltguiltyoftheirexcessive
随机试题
压力式温度计由两部分组成:一部分是(),实际上是一只弹簧式压力表;另一部分是由温感包和毛细管组成的感温系统。
A.mRNAB.DNAC.ATPD.cAMPE.RNA被称为通用能量货币的是
下列哪项关于"气病"的论述是错误的
()可以从一个侧面反映国民经济运行情况和消费品的供求情况。
关于《出入境检验检疫机构实施检验检疫的进出境商品目录》,下列说法正确的有( )。
《进境动植物检疫许可证》可以核销进口数量,多次使用,直至许可证中所列的进口数量全部核销完毕,许可证失效。( )
5月10日,大连商品交易所的7月份豆油收盘价为11220元/吨,结算价为11200元/吨,涨跌停板幅度为4%,则下一个交易日价格不能超过()元/吨。
据相关报道,目前中国对外技术的依存度超过50%,中国的科研论文发表数量在全世界位居第六。但科技成果,包括专利技术的运用率,平均只有14%。对此,请谈谈你的看法。
谈谈你对关于“信义兄弟”的看法。
A、Someeggs.B、Somebread.C、Someeggsandsomebread.C第一个人间第二个人在桌子上能看到什么,他回答能看到一些鸡蛋和一些面包。所以应选C。
最新回复
(
0
)