首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung c
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung c
admin
2011-03-01
32
问题
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what causes malnutrition, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sculpture or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination?
Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator won’t work, we first relate the effect (lights out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect (refrigerator not working). This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out — power off — refrigerator not working — temperature will rise — milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided, though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs, or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors — pedestrians or other cars in the intersection — must also be present.
In establishing or refuting a causal relation it is usually necessary to show the process by which the alleged cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.
A necessary cause is ______.
选项
A、one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur
B、one of the causes that can produce the effect
C、one that is enough to make the effect occur
D、None of them.
答案
A
解析
见第三段第二句:A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur,…
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/XOkd777K
本试题收录于:
公共英语三级笔试题库公共英语(PETS)分类
0
公共英语三级笔试
公共英语(PETS)
相关试题推荐
Whatdothegirlshaveincommon?
Whenmostofusthinkaboutlanguage,wethink【C1】______aboutwords.Thus,thehardest【C2】______oflearningaforeignlanguagem
Mealsaroundthefamilyarelesscommontodaythaninthepast.Asaresultofsmallfamiliesandworkingwives,morethanhalf
AspeciallabattheUniversityofChicagoisbusyonly【C1】______.Itisadream【C2】______whereresearchersareatwork【C3】___
Onwhatdayoftheweekwillthemagazinearrive?
Aseverytravelersoonfindsout,itisimportanttoknowthelocaltime.【C1】______untilthelastcentury,everytownandvillag
Whatdoesthetelegramsay?
OneofthemoststrikingthingsaboutAmericansisthattheyseemofexpectingeveryonetolikethem【C1】______.theygo.America
Whatdoesthemanproposetodofirst?
Whatdoesthetelegramsay?
随机试题
简述马克思主义社会学方法论的观点。
林德布洛姆以对______过程的渐进理论分析著称于世。
历史上因为“乌台诗案”被贬为黄州团练副使的文学家是_______。
I______anoldclassmateofmineyesterdayevening.
妇产科疾病中医常见病因不包括
工业企业的资金运动包括()。
下列各项中,属于未按规定领购发票的行为的有()。
市场不能向公众提供纯粹的公共物品是因为()。
Anglo-Saxonliterature,______,theOldEnglishliterature,isalmostexclusivelyaverseliteratureinoralform,whosecreator
HalloweenA)OnOctober31st,dozensofchildrendressedincostumesknockontheirneighbors’doorsandyell"TrickorTreat
最新回复
(
0
)