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  3. Society was fascinated by science and things scientific in the nineteenth century. Great breakthroughs in engineering, the use o

Society was fascinated by science and things scientific in the nineteenth century. Great breakthroughs in engineering, the use o

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问题     Society was fascinated by science and things scientific in the nineteenth century. Great breakthroughs in engineering, the use of steam power, and electricity were there for all to see, enjoy, and suffer. Science was fashionable and to it is not surprising that, during this great period of industrial development, scientific methods should be applied to the activities of man, particularly to those involved in the processes of production.
      Towards the end of the nineteenth century international competition began to make itself felt. The three industrial giants of the day, Germany, America, and Great Britain, began to find that there was a limit to the purchasing power of the previously apparently inexhaustible markets. Science and competition therefore provided the means and the need to improve industrial efficiency.
      Frederick Winslow Taylor is generally acknowledged as being the father of the scientific management  approach, as a result of the publication of his book. The Principles of Scientific Management, published in  1911. However, numerous other academics and practitioners had been actively applying such approaches since the  beginning of the century. Charles Babbage, and English academic, well-known for his invention of the mechanical  computer with the aid of a government grant as long as 1820 applied himself to the costing of processes,  using scientific methods, and indeed might well be recognized as one of the fathers of cost accounting.
     Taylor was of well-to-do background and received an excellent education but, partly owing to troubles with his eyesight, decided to become an engineering apprentice. He spent some twenty-five years in the tough, sometimes brutal, environment of the US steel industry and carefully studied methods of work when he eventually attained supervisory status. He made various significant innovations in the area of steel processing, but his claim to fame is through his application of methods of science to methods of work, and his personal efforts that proved they could succeed in a hostile environment.
     In 1901, Taylor left the steel industry and spent the rest of his life trying to promote the principles of managing scientifically and emphasizing the human aspects of the method, over the slavedriving methods  common in his day. He died in 1915 ,leaving a huge school of followers to promote his approach worldwide.
Charles Babbage, an English academic,______.
选项 A、tried to use computers in production processes
B、first used computers in the area of cost accounting
C、was the father of modern computers
D、tried a scientific management approach
答案D
解析 这是一道细节题。Charles Babbage是定位点。有关的信息在文中表述为“Charles Babbage， and English academic，well-known for his invention of the mechanical computer(with the aid of a government  grant as long as 1820)applied himself to the costing of processes，using scientific methods，and indeed might well be  recognized as one of the fathers of cost accounting”。由此，A “尝试将电脑用于生产领域”在文中并没有提及； D “首次将电脑用于成本会计学”，文章中并没有提到首次；C “是现代电脑的奠基人”，文中说其被认为是成本会计学的奠基人；只有D “尝试科学管理方法”与文中的“using scientific methods”一致。故应选D 。
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