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  3. THE FIVE—SEVEN SHIFT 1 All major theories of child psychology state that children undergo a major change between the ages of f

THE FIVE—SEVEN SHIFT 1 All major theories of child psychology state that children undergo a major change between the ages of f

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问题                   THE FIVE—SEVEN SHIFT
1   All major theories of child psychology state that children undergo a major change between the ages of five and seven. In classical learning theory,  this is a time when the simplest forms of learning give way to learning that involves more complex mental processes. According to psychologist Jean Piaget,  the period from five to seven years old is a transition to operational thought,  when children are able to move beyond using only their senses toward using a new set of rational-thinking skills. Because several cognitive changes occur in children between ages five and seven,  this period is called the five-seven shift. The shift is biological in nature and involves fundamental growth in the brain and stabilization of brain-wave rhythms into a basically adult pattern. The five-seven shift involves many physical changes,  such as the loss of the "baby teeth" and an increase in the rates of height acquired and weight gained.
2   By the time they are five years old,  children can understand and use symbols. They have developed the ability to use words,  gestures,  and pictures to stand for "real life" objects,  and they are skilled in deploying various symbol systems,  such as language or drawing. However,  a five-year-old child is able to focus attention on only one quality of an object at a time,  such as the object’s size or shape. The use of symbolization continues to evolve,  reaching a peak around the age of seven or eight,  when children become capable of concrete operations. When this happens,  they can solve problems by using rational thought to make generalizations from their own experience.
3   By the age of seven or eight,  a new set of abilities allows children to reason systematically about the world of objects,  quantity,  time,  space,  and causality. According to Piaget,  this is because an "extra card" is added to the child’s mental "computer" during the five-seven shift. The development of operational thought enables the child to appreciate the relations among a series of actions upon objects. For example,  the child understands that a scene can be viewed from a different perspective and still contain the same elements. The child also understands that objects can be rearranged and still have the same quantity and that a substance can be changed in shape without its mass or volume being affected.
4   Piaget discovered the most widely known hallmark of the five-seven shift,  an understanding of conservation,  the idea that some properties stay the same despite changes in appearance. In one of Piaget’s classic experiments on the conservation of quantity,  the experimenter shows children of different ages two straight rows of coins,  each with six coins pressed close together,  beside each other on a table. The experimenter asks each child subject whether both rows have the same number of coins or whether one row has more. Then the experimenter spreads out the coins of one row to make the line look longer. The child must now say whether one row has more coins. Children younger than five years old cannot understand conservation,  so they invariably say that the spread-out row has more coins than the other row.
5   Like most age-related tasks for children,  there are other ways to set up the task. In a similar experiment,  water is poured into two identical glasses until the child subject agrees that each contains an equal amount. Then the experimenter pours water from one of these glasses into a tall,  thin glass. At that point,  the child is asked whether one glass has more water than the other. Five-year-old children will say that there is more water in the tall,  thin glass. When asked why they think that,  many will confidently say,  "Because it’s taller." Older children,  however,  are likely to reply,  "It looks like there’s more water in this one because it’s taller,  but they’re really the same." Such experiments show a difference between children of five years and children of eight years. The older children can solve the task promptly,  easily,  under a wide variety of conditions,  and without being taught. The younger children,  even if they are taught about conservation,  cannot do what the five-seven  shift will do for them naturally: provide them with a more developed brain.
Glossary:
   cognitive: relating to mental processes
The word each in paragraph 4 refers to
选项 A、experiment
B、child
C、age
D、row
答案D
解析 The referent of each is something with six coins pressed close together, beside each other on a table The sentence discusses an experiment with two straight rows of coins.Logic tells you that each refers to row.(1.3)
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