首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up t
Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up t
admin
2010-07-19
45
问题
Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where as the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science. (426 words)
The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ______.
选项
A、sociology and chemistry
B、physics and psychology
C、sociology and psychology
D、physics and chemistry
答案
D
解析
第二段的第三句和第四句提到19世纪英国的专业化的发展使得从事科研活动的非专业人员面临越来越大的困难,在以数学训练和实验室训练为依托的学科中尤其突出。故选只有D项“物理与化学”符合。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/XklO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
WhichofthefollowingisNOTthefirm’srecruitmentrequirement?Accordingtothepassage,themainreasonLamarQuinwasther
WHAT’SONCONCERTSNewconcerthall:ThemovietheatreoftheNationalLibraryofChinahasbeenturnedintoaconcerthall
Howmanystudentswerekilledinthegunshot?
TheChineseMinistryofEducationhasissuedadecreeprohibitingcollegestudentsfromlodgingoutsideschool.However,aloto
TheInternetofthefutureshouldbeaworldwidemarketplacefullyaccessiblebymobilecustomerseverywhere,theleadingnetwor
A、dissolvetheparentalrelationshipB、putthechildinafosterhomeC、punishtheparentsD、reconcilethechildwithhisparent
SincejoiningtheEuropeanEconomicCommunityin_____,BritainhasadoptedtheCommunitysystemofagriculturalsupport.
A、ThespacecraftwillflydirecttoMercury.B、ThespacecraftwillflythreetimespastMercury.C、Thespacecraftwaslauncheda
Inviewoftheobstaclesinlaunchingnewindustriesforwhichaccesstomarketsisacriticallocationfactor,whatkindoffac
今天的老年人是昨天的劳动者。他们对物质文化的发展作出了许多贡献,理所当然应享受物质文化发展的成果。若全社会都把尊敬老人看作当代的美德,人们就会有一种安全感。这使得各个年龄层的人都感到他们将来的日子肯定也是愉快的,就会全力以赴地投入工作。去年,宣武医
随机试题
自首的分类。
对混合喂养儿选择的最佳非母乳乳品是
A.防病治病,救死扶伤,实行医学人道主义,全心全意为人民健康服务B.全心全意为人民健康服务C.救死扶伤,忠于职守;钻研医术,精益求精;一视同仁,平等对待;语言文明,平等待人;廉洁奉公,遵纪守法;互尊互学,团结协作D.一视同仁,
抗休克治疗的关键措施是去除致休克的病因和下列哪项
货物综合评分法中评标委员会成员应当独立对每个初步评审合格的投标文件的评标因素在规定分值内评价打分,然后按照相应比重或权值计算每个投标人每项评分因素得分及专家汇总平均值。其中货物项目价格评分值占总分值的权值为()。
建设项目后评价的作用是()。
我国第一只开放式基金——( )的诞生,使我国基金业发展实现了从封闭式基金到开放式基金的历史性跨越。
发展心理学研究设计的主要方式有()。
设d=time(),命令?VARTYPE(d)的输出值是
Accordingtocolorpsychologists,certainhuestendtoreflectparticularpersonality______;violet,forexample,indicatesate
最新回复
(
0
)