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  3. Blood Donation: a Life-Saving Cause A)China enshrined the practice of voluntary, non-remunerated blood donations into law with t

Blood Donation: a Life-Saving Cause A)China enshrined the practice of voluntary, non-remunerated blood donations into law with t

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问题                     Blood Donation: a Life-Saving Cause
A)China enshrined the practice of voluntary, non-remunerated blood donations into law with the promulgation(颁布)of the Blood Donation Law on October 1, 1998. According to statistics from the Ministry of Health, the number of non-remunerated blood donors climbed steadily across the country in 2005. Last year, blood donated by non-remunerated donors accounted for 95 percent of the total used for medical purposes, and 84 percent of these donations were purely voluntary. This compares with respective figures of 22 percent and 5 percent in 1998.
B)While more and more people are making voluntary blood donations, other statistics illustrate the hazards such donors face despite their goodwill. Minister of Health Gao Qiang told the media November of 2005 that around 70,000 people in China contracted HIV/ AIDS through blood transmission, either as donors or recipients. China has a population of 840,000 living with HIV, the majority of whom were infected through the intravenous(静脉内的)injection of drugs and unprotected sexual intercourse. Safe blood refers to blood that will not jeopardize the health of recipients through the risk of disease. For both donors and recipients, the safety of blood is directly related to their health and life, and it is vital that there are no lapses in the process. Therefore, as more people donate blood, the government is working to ensure that the nation’s blood supply is safe, for both donors and recipients.
Stringent Testing Procedures
C)Every voluntary blood donor must go through complex testing procedures before donating blood, including an ID check and examination of blood pressure and blood composition, including a check for hepatitis. Besides the strict medical indicators, even something as simple as a sneeze in front of the medical staff could also bar a donor as being unsuitable. "It is out of a responsible attitude toward donors, since ailments might cause a negative reaction. Meanwhile, illnesses might harm the quality of the blood," said a worker at the Xidan mobile blood bank. "Donors are perfectly safe while donating blood here because all the equipment used to collect blood, such as needles, will be discarded and replaced with new, sterile material each time a procedure is performed. So there is no risk of infection and no unsafe factor for the donors." The Blood Donation Law clearly stipulates(规定)that seven components, including tests for HIV, hepatitis B(乙型肝炎), hepatitis C(丙型肝炎)and syphilis(梅毒), blood pressure must be strictly examined and no error is allowed in the testing. The staff confirmed that each of these factors is double-checked later, and if blood is discovered to contain any abnormality, it is destroyed.
D)Stringent tests await blood that is donated. Instead of putting the blood into blood banks right away, collectors store it according to strict procedures. Immediately after the donated blood is delivered to the blood center, the blood type will be tested for the seven mandatory(命令的)items. To guarantee the accuracy of tests, they are conducted on two samples of a donor’s blood at the same time. The environment of the test labs, including the air and floor, is disinfected every day to make sure it is germ free. After these standard procedures, the accepted blood goes through various processes, such as the separation of blood components. In the final step, the medical staff obtains all the information on every blood donation from a computer scan of the label on each bag, if all results are normal, staff members will affix(贴上)the blood type to the bag. These bags are then stored in a blood bank for use.
Health and Safe Blood
E)Zou Zhengrong, Deputy Director of the Shanghai Blood Center, said, "There is no absolutely safe blood. One reason is scientific limitations. The disease must register abnormal figures before you can detect it and kill it. Second, the virus must accumulate to a certain amount before it can be discovered." He explained that there is a gap between the time a virus invades a healthy body and when it can be detected. He noted that this "window period", or the time it takes for a person who has been infected with a disease to test positive for antibodies, is 22 days in the case of HIV.
F)In order to avoid problems threatening blood safety, such as concealing a disease history or the frequent sale of blood, China stipulates in the Blood Donation Law that the blood for clinical use supplied by all blood centers across the country must come from non-remunerated blood donors. China has two types of "non-remunerated" blood donation. One is voluntary, which means donors do not receive any compensation in the form of nutrition fees or other subsidies from the blood collection agency or the donor’s employer. The other is planned blood donation. Companies and government branches organize their employees to donate blood on a regular basis. This group of donors receives various types of material compensation from their employers.
G)A real name system might serve as an effective method to defuse(消除)hidden dangers induced by economic incentives, experts say. Therefore, many cities have invested generously in establishing a system so as to identify blood sellers. Aside from cracking down on the practice of paying people to donate blood, a real name system has other advantages. Zou said, "If every donor registers his or her real name and identity, if a rare blood type is badly needed, hospitals could save lives by tracing the donors by record. This solution is quite feasible."
Government Investment
H)In the mid-1990s, illegal blood collection generated the spread of HIV/ AIDS in certain regions. To address this problem, China has adopted a series of laws and regulations to guarantee blood safety and set severe penalties for organizers of blood trade. Other measures also include cracking down on undocumented blood collectors, intensifying rectification of blood banks, implementing an HIV testing procedure and encouraging non-remunerated blood donation. With such efforts, the government has been committed to the elimination of the illegal blood trade and will punish those involved according to law. Issues concerning blood safety will be seriously dealt with.
I)The government has also stepped up investment in improving facilities in blood stations. Vice Minister of Health Chen Xiaohong revealed at a national conference in March that in order to guarantee blood safety, governments at all levels invested a total of 2.25 billion Yuan in initiating a blood supply system construction project, which includes upgrading equipment for 318 blood stations and 119 blood centers. This project has built the first group of blood stations in the western area and greatly boosted conditions and facilities in blood stations. Meanwhile, this campaign closed down many unqualified blood collection agencies. By the end of 2005, a total of 387 grassroots blood stations and blood banks had been closed or merged. Thus, China has formed a blood supply network consisting of blood centers at the provincial level, blood stations at the prefecture level and local blood banks. Meanwhile, blood donation and collection services are more accessible to the public and the level of blood safety has been greatly upgraded.
In 1998, 5 percent of non-remunerated donations were made by purely voluntary donors.
选项
答案A
解析 根据题目中的In 1998和5 percent将本题出处定位于A)段末句。该句中的22 percent和5 percent分别与上一句中的95 percent和84 percent相对应，而84 percent指的是purelyvoluntary(纯自愿的)献血者所捐献的blood占non—remunerated donors(无偿献血者)所捐献的blood的百分比。由对应关系可知，在1998年只有5 percent的血是由purely voluntary的non—remunerated donors捐献的。
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